Meta-analysis of the detection of plant pigment concentrations using hyperspectral remotely sensed data

Passive optical hyperspectral remote sensing of plant pigments offers potential for understanding plant ecophysiological processes across a range of spatial scales. Following a number of decades of research in this field, this paper undertakes a systematic meta-analysis of 85 articles to determine whether passive optical hyperspectral remote sensing techniques are sufficiently well developed to quantify individual plant pigments, which operational solutions are available for wider plant science and the areas which now require greater focus. The findings indicate that predictive relationships are strong for all pigments at the leaf scale but these decrease and become more variable across pigment types at the canopy and landscape scales. At leaf scale it is clear that specific sets of optimal wavelengths can be recommended for operational methodologies: total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a quantification is based on reflectance in the green (550–560nm) and red edge (680–750nm) regions; chlorophyll b on the red, (630–660nm), red edge (670–710nm) and the near-infrared (800–810nm); carotenoids on the 500–580nm region; and anthocyanins on the green (550–560nm), red edge (700–710nm) and near-infrared (780–790nm). For total chlorophyll the optimal wavelengths are valid across canopy and landscape scales and there is some evidence that the same applies for chlorophyll a

promoting civic engagement and social inclusion interventions for minors involved with crimes

The juvenile justice system in Italy is aimed at avoiding detention, thanks to alternative measures and strategies for social inclusion. Nevertheless, for two groups of minors – those involved in organised crime and migrants – social inclusion and other alternative forms of punishment are not easily applied because these minors often lack social networks. Migrant minors are at risk of becoming offenders because they arrive in the host country without a real migration plan and without educational or work opportunities. Psychosocial literature about migrant minors has also examined the relationship between the difficulties migrants face and their possible involvement in deviant groups. This is a crucial topic that must be explored carefully and without stigmatising minors. Young migrants under criminal proceedings are vulnerable in two ways: because they are minors and unable to fulfil their needs and because they are non-citizens, a status which may marginalise them within the social context. Accordingly, in previous research, we implemented proactive interventions in four European countries (Italy, Romania, Germany, and Spain) to promote social inclusion and prevent minors from engaging in violent behaviour. In this chapter, we use interviews and focus groups to explore how justice system professionals and stakeholders in Italy describe the deviant career of young people at risk of radicalisation. We also provide evidence for the importance of social inclusion interventions as a means of preventing violent radicalisation. Finally, we argue for professional development training so that practitioners in the juvenile justice system can develop innovative ways of promoting social inclusion