483 research outputs found
Order parameter model for unstable multilane traffic flow
We discuss a phenomenological approach to the description of unstable vehicle
motion on multilane highways that explains in a simple way the observed
sequence of the phase transitions "free flow -> synchronized motion -> jam" as
well as the hysteresis in the transition "free flow synchronized motion".
We introduce a new variable called order parameter that accounts for possible
correlations in the vehicle motion at different lanes. So, it is principally
due to the "many-body" effects in the car interaction, which enables us to
regard it as an additional independent state variable of traffic flow. Basing
on the latest experimental data (cond-mat/9905216) we assume that these
correlations are due to a small group of "fast" drivers. Taking into account
the general properties of the driver behavior we write the governing equation
for the order parameter. In this context we analyze the instability of
homogeneous traffic flow manifesting itself in both of the mentioned above
phase transitions where, in addition, the transition "synchronized motion ->
jam" also exhibits a similar hysteresis. Besides, the jam is characterized by
the vehicle flows at different lanes being independent of one another. We
specify a certain simplified model in order to study the general features of
the car cluster self-formation under the phase transition "free flow
synchronized motion". In particular, we show that the main local parameters of
the developed cluster are determined by the state characteristics of vehicle
motion only.Comment: REVTeX 3.1, 10 pages with 10 PostScript figure
Neutrino masses from operator mixing
We show that in theories that reduce, at the Fermi scale, to an extension of
the standard model with two doublets, there can be additional dimension five
operators giving rise to neutrino masses. In particular there exists a singlet
operator which can not generate neutrino masses at tree level but generates
them through operator mixing. Under the assumption that only this operator
appears at tree level we calculate the neutrino mass matrix. It has the Zee
mass matrix structure and leads naturally to bimaximal mixing. However, the
maximal mixing prediction for solar neutrinos is very sharp even when higher
order corrections are considered. To allow for deviations from maximal mixing a
fine tuning is needed in the neutrino mass matrix parameters. However, this
fine tuning relates the departure from maximal mixing in solar neutrino
oscillations with the neutrinoless double beta decay rate.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figure, revte
Estimating the distribution of morbidity and mortality of childhood diarrhea, measles, and pneumonia by wealth group in low- and middle-income countries
__Background:__ Equitable access to vaccines has been suggested as a priority for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, it is unclear whether providing equitable access is enough to ensure health equity. Furthermore, disaggregated data on health outcomes and benefits gained across population subgroups are often unavailable. This paper develops a model to estimate the distribution of childhood disease cases and deaths across socioeconomic groups, and the potential benefits of three vaccine programs in LMICs.
__Methods:__ For each country and for three diseases (diarrhea, measles, pneumonia), we estimated the distributions of cases and deaths that would occur across wealth quintiles in the absence of any immunization or treatment programs, using both the prevalence and relative risk of a set of risk and prognostic factors. Building on these baseline estimates, we examined what might be the impact of three vaccines (first dose of measles, pneumococcal conjugate, and rotavirus vaccines), under five scenarios based on different sets of quintile-specific immunization coverage and disease treatment utilization rates.
__Results:__ Due to higher prevalence of risk factors among the poor, disproportionately more disease cases and deaths would occur among the two lowest wealth quintiles for all three diseases when vaccines or treatment are unavailable. Country-specific context, including how the baseline risks, immunization coverage, and treatment utilization are currently distributed across quintiles, affects how different policies translate into changes in cases and deaths distribution.
__Conclusions:__ Our study highlights several factors that would substantially contribute to the unequal distribution of childhood diseases, and finds that merely ensuring equal access to vaccines will not reduce the health outcomes gap across wealth quintiles. Such information can inform policies and planning of programs that aim to improve equitable delivery of healthcare services
Estimation of distribution of childhood diarrhoea, measles, and pneumonia morbidity and mortality by socio-economic group in low-income and middle-income countries
Background Vaccines are one of the most successful interventions in improving population health in low-income and
middle-income countries (LMICs). In addition to the direct improvements in health outcomes, we are interested
in their distributional effects—that is, whether vaccines promote or reduce health equity across socioeconomic
groups. Empirical data on incidence and mortality of vaccine-preventable diseases across socioeconomic groups
is not available. Therefore, we developed a method to estimate the distribution of childhood diseases and deaths
across income groups and the benefits of three vaccines—for diarrhoea, measles, and pneumonia—in 41 LMICs.
Methods For every country and disease (diarrhoea, measles, pneumonia), we estimated the distribution of cases and
deaths that would occur in each income quintile had there been no immunisation or treatment programme, using
both the prevalence and relative risk of a set of risk and prognostic factors. Building on these baseline estimates, we
assessed the effect of three vaccines (first dose of measles vaccine, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, and rotavirus
vaccine) under five scenarios based on sets of quintile-specific immunisation coverage and uptake of disease
treatment.
Findings Because the prevalence of risk factors is higher in the poorest two quintiles than in the rest of the population,
more disease cases and deaths would occur in the poorest two quintiles for all three diseases when vaccines or treatment
are unavailable. However, we noted that current immunisation coverage and treatment utilisation rates have resulted in
greater inequity in the distribution of cases and deaths. Even if in absolute terms the poorest quintiles benefit more
from vaccines, the wealthier two quintiles sees a higher percentage decrease in cases and deaths. Thus, in terms of
overall distribution of remaining cases and deaths with vaccine coverage, the poorest quintiles would see a higher
comparative burden of disease than they would without vaccine coverage. Country-specific context, including how the
baseline risks, immunisation coverage, and treatment utilisation are currently distributed across quintiles, affects how
different policies translate to improvements in the distribution of cases and deaths.
Interpretation Our analysis highlights several factors, including risk and prognostic factors, and vaccine and treatment
coverage that would substantially contribute to the unequal distribution of childhood diseases, and we found that
merely ensuring equal access to vaccines will not reduce the health outcomes gap between income quintiles. Such
information can inform policies and planning of programmes that aim to improve equitable delivery of healthcare
services
Hadronic EDMs, the Weinberg Operator, and Light Gluinos
We re-examine questions concerning the contribution of the three-gluon
Weinberg operator to the electric dipole moment of the neutron, and provide
several QCD sum rule-based arguments that the result is smaller than - but
nevertheless consistent with - estimates which invoke naive dimensional
analysis. We also point out a regime of the MSSM parameter space with light
gluinos for which this operator provides the dominant contribution to the
neutron electric dipole moment due to enhancement via the dimension five color
electric dipole moment of the gluino.Comment: 6 pages, RevTeX, 3 figures; v2: references added; v3: typos
corrected, to appear in Phys. Rev.
Using Heavy Quark Spin Symmetry in Semileptonic Decays
The form factors parameterizing the B_c semileptonic matrix elements can be
related to a few invariant functions if the decoupling of the spin of the heavy
quarks in B_c and in the mesons produced in the semileptonic decays is
exploited. We compute the form factors as overlap integral of the meson
wave-functions obtained using a QCD relativistic potential model, and give
predictions for semileptonic and non-leptonic B_c decay modes. We also discuss
possible experimental tests of the heavy quark spin symmetry in B_c decays.Comment: RevTex, 22 pages, 2 figure
Constraints On Radiative Neutrino Mass Models From Oscillation Data
The three neutrino Zee model and its extension including three active and one
sterile species are studied in the light of new neutrino oscillation data. We
obtain analytical relations for the mixing angle in solar oscillations in terms
of neutrino mass squared differences. For the four neutrino case, we obtain the
result , which can accommodate both the large
and small mixing scenarios. We show that within this framework, while both the
SMA-MSW and the LMA-MSW solutions can easily be accommodated, it would be
difficult to reconcile the LOW-QVO solutions. We also comment on the
active-sterile admixture within phenomenologically viable textures.Comment: The paper has been substantially rewritten, especially in Section IV,
though the basic results are unchanged. Some new references and an appendix
have been adde
Poor screening and nonadiabatic superconductivity in correlated systems
In this paper we investigate the role of the electronic correlation on the
hole doping dependence of electron-phonon and superconducting properties of
cuprates. We introduce a simple analytical expression for the one-particle
Green's function in the presence of electronic correlation and we evaluate the
reduction of the screening properties as the electronic correlation increases
by approaching half-filling. The poor screening properties play an important
role within the context of the nonadiabatic theory of superconductivity. We
show that a consistent inclusion of the reduced screening properties in the
nonadiabatic theory can account in a natural way for the - phase
diagram of cuprates. Experimental evidences are also discussed.Comment: 12 Pages, 6 Figures, Accepted on Physical Review
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