GAMBARAN KONDISI FISIK BAK PENAMPUNGAN SUMBER AIR BERSIH DENGAN UJI BAKTERIOLOGIS PADA SUMBER AIR DI DESA TATELI KECAMATAN MANDOLANG KABUPATEN MINAHASA TAHUN 2015

GAMBARAN KONDISI FISIK BAK PENAMPUNGAN SUMBER AIR BERSIH DENGAN UJI BAKTERIOLOGIS PADA SUMBER AIR DI DESA TATELI KECAMATAN MANDOLANG KABUPATEN MINAHASA TAHUN 2015 Ryan A.S Johannes1), Odi Pinontoan1), Rahayu H. Akili1) 1)Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado   ABSTRACT Drinking water is water that meets the health requirements and can be drunk directly . Clean water requirements set by PERMENKES No. 416 of 1990 concerning the conditions and monitoring water quality . Biological water quality , especially microbiological measured by parameters, namely parameters of microbial contaminants, pathogens and toxin . The purpose of this study is knowing about the Tank Physical Condition of Clean Water Source with Bacteriological Test on Water Resources in the Tateli Village Mandolang District of Minahasa. This study is a descriptive study  that was carried on September-October 2015 in the Tateli Village Mandolang District of Minahasa . with a total is 11 Tank of Water Resources . This study uses research instrument Checklist and Tools Bacteriological Water quality analysis is conducted in the laboratory of Environmental Health Engineering and Eradication of Communicable Diseases Class 1 Manado . Based on laboratory test  receive 4 sources of water ( 36 % ) were eligible and 7 water sources ( 64 % ) are not eligible. Tank Physical Condition of Clean Water in the Tateli Village Mandolang District of Minahasa not eligible specified requirements included the walls of the tub, bathtub floor , roof tubs, piping . Based on bacteriological test water quality to get the four sources of water ( 36 % ) were eligible and 7 water sources ( 64 % ) are not eligible .  Key words : Reservior , Bacteriological   ABSTRAK Air minum merupakan air yang memenuhi syarat kesehatan dan dapat langsung diminum. Persyaratan air bersih diatur oleh PERMENKES RI Nomor 416 Tahun 1990 tentang syarat-syarat dan pengawasan kualitas Air. Kualitas air secara biologis, khusunya mikrobiologis diukur oleh parameter, yaitu parameter mikroba pencemar, patogen, dan penghasil toksin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah  Mengetahui Gambaran Kondisi Fisik Bak Penampungan Sumber Air Bersih dengan Uji Bakteriologis pada Sumber Air di Desa Tateli kecamatan Mandolang Kabupaten Minahasa. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif yang dilaksanakan pada bulan September – Oktober 2015 di Desa Tateli Kecamatan Mandolang Kabupaten Minahasa. dengan total 11 Bak Penampungan sebanyak dan 11 Sumber Air. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrument penelitian Checklist dan Alat Pemeriksaan Kualitas Air secara Bakteriologis dilakukan di laboratorium Balai Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan dan Pemberantas Penyakit Menular Kelas 1 Manado. Berdasarkan uji laboratorium mendapatkan hasil 4 sumber air (36%)  yang memenuhi syarat dan 7 sumber air (64%) tidak memenuhi syarat. Kondisi Fisik Bak Penampungan Air Bersih di Desa Tateli Kecamatan Mandolang Kabupaten Minahasa tidak memenuhi syarat yang ditetapkan meliputi dinding bak, lantai bak, atap bak, perpipaan. Berdasarkan uji bakteriologis kualitas air bersih mendapatkan hasil 4 sumber air (36%) yang memenuhi syarat dan 7 sumber air (64%) tidak memenuhi syarat.   Kata kunci: Bak Penampungan, Bakteriologi

Estimated Errors in |Vcd|/|Vcs| from Semileptonic D Decays

We estimate statistical and systematic errors in the extraction of the CKM ratio |Vcd|/|Vcs| from exclusive D-meson semileptonic decays using lattice QCD and anticipated new experimental results.Comment: LATTICE98(heavyqk), LaTeX, 3 pages, 2 postscript figures, uses espcrc2.sty and hyperbasics.te

Application of heavy-quark effective theory to lattice QCD: III. Radiative corrections to heavy-heavy currents

We apply heavy-quark effective theory (HQET) to separate long- and short-distance effects of heavy quarks in lattice gauge theory. In this paper we focus on flavor-changing currents that mediate transitions from one heavy flavor to another. We stress differences in the formalism for heavy-light currents, which are discussed in a companion paper, showing how HQET provides a systematic matching procedure. We obtain one-loop results for the matching factors of lattice currents, needed for heavy-quark phenomenology, such as the calculation of zero-recoil form factors for the semileptonic decays $B\to D^{(*)}l\nu$. Results for the Brodsky-Lepage-Mackenzie scale $q^*$ are also given.Comment: 35 pages, 17 figures. Program LatHQ2QCD to compute matching one-loop coefficients available at http://theory.fnal.gov/people/kronfeld/LatHQ2QCD

Citrate and malonate increase microbial activity and alter microbial community composition in uncontaminated and diesel-contaminated soil microcosms

Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) are among the most prevalent sources of environmental contamination. It has been hypothesized that plant root exudation of low molecular weight organic acid anions (carboxylates) may aid degradation of PHCs by stimulating heterotrophic microbial activity. To test their potential implication for bioremediation, we applied two commonly exuded carboxylates (citrate and malonate) to uncontaminated and diesel-contaminated microcosms (10 000 mg kg−1; aged 40 days) and determined their impact on the microbial community and PHC degradation. Every 48 h for 18 days, soil received 5 µmol g−1 of (i) citrate, (ii) malonate, (iii) citrate + malonate or (iv) water. Microbial activity was measured daily as the flux of CO2. After 18 days, changes in the microbial community were assessed by a community-level physiological profile (CLPP) and 16S rRNA bacterial community profiles determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Saturated PHCs remaining in the soil were assessed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Cumulative soil respiration increased 4- to 6-fold with the addition of carboxylates, while diesel contamination resulted in a small, but similar, increase across all carboxylate treatments. The addition of carboxylates resulted in distinct changes to the microbial community in both contaminated and uncontaminated soils but only a small increase in the biodegradation of saturated PHCs as measured by the n-C17 : pristane biomarker. We conclude that while the addition of citrate and malonate had little direct effect on the biodegradation of saturated hydrocarbons present in diesel, their effect on the microbial community leads us to suggest further studies using a variety of soils and organic acids, and linked to in situ studies of plants, to investigate the role of carboxylates in microbial community dynamics

Low molecular weight organic anions (carboxylates) increase microbial activity and alter microbial community composition in uncontaminated and diesel contaminated soil

Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) are among the most prevalent sources of environmental contamination. It has been hypothesized that plant root exudation of low molecular weight organic acid anions (carboxylates) may aid degradation of PHCs by stimulating heterotrophic microbial activity. We, therefore, applied two commonly-exuded carboxylates (citrate and malonate) to uncontaminated and diesel contaminated microcosms (10,000 mg kg–1; aged 40 days) to determine their impact on the microbial community and PHC degradation. Every 48 hours for 18 days, soil received 5 μmol g–1 of i) citrate, ii) malonate, iii) citrate + malonate or iv) water. Microbial activity was measured daily as the flux of CO2. After 18 days, changes in the microbial community were assessed by community level physiological profiles and 16S rRNA bacterial community profiles determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Saturated PHCs remaining in the soil were assessed by GCMS. Cumulative soil respiration increased four- to six-fold with the addition of carboxylates, while diesel contamination resulted in a small, but similar, increase across all carboxylate treatments. The addition of carboxylates resulted in distinct changes to the microbial community, but only a small decrease in the n-C17: pristane biomarker. We conclude that carboxylate addition can increase microbial activity and modify the microbial community in both uncontaminated and diesel-contaminated soils. The impact of these changes on PHC biodegradation and rhizosphere processes, more generally, merits further research

The bacterial biome of ticks and their wildlife hosts at the urban–wildland interface

Advances in sequencing technologies have revealed the complex and diverse microbial communities present in ticks (Ixodida). As obligate blood-feeding arthropods, ticks are responsible for a number of infectious diseases that can affect humans, livestock, domestic animals and wildlife. While cases of human tick-borne diseases continue to increase in the northern hemisphere, there has been relatively little recognition of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in Australia. Over the past 5 years, studies using high-throughput sequencing technologies have shown that Australian ticks harbour unique and diverse bacterial communities. In the present study, free-ranging wildlife (n=203), representing ten mammal species, were sampled from urban and peri-urban areas in New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD) and Western Australia (WA). Bacterial metabarcoding targeting the 16S rRNA locus was used to characterize the microbiomes of three sample types collected from wildlife: blood, ticks and tissue samples. Further sequence information was obtained for selected taxa of interest. Six tick species were identified from wildlife: Amblyomma triguttatum, Ixodes antechini, Ixodes australiensis, Ixodes holocyclus, Ixodes tasmani and Ixodes trichosuri. Bacterial 16S rRNA metabarcoding was performed on 536 samples and 65 controls, generating over 100 million sequences. Alpha diversity was significantly different between the three sample types, with tissue samples displaying the highest alpha diversity (P<0.001). Proteobacteria was the most abundant taxon identified across all sample types (37.3 %). Beta diversity analysis and ordination revealed little overlap between the three sample types (P<0.001). Taxa of interest included Anaplasmataceae, Bartonella, Borrelia, Coxiellaceae, Francisella, Midichloria, Mycoplasma and Rickettsia. Anaplasmataceae bacteria were detected in 17.7% (95/536) of samples and included Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Neoehrlichia species. In samples from NSW, ‘Ca. Neoehrlichia australis’, ‘Ca. Neoehrlichia arcana’, Neoehrlichia sp. and Ehrlichia sp. were identified. A putative novel Ehrlichia sp. was identified from WA and Anaplasma platys was identified from QLD. Nine rodent tissue samples were positive for a novel Borrelia sp. that formed a phylogenetically distinct clade separate from the Lyme Borrelia and relapsing fever groups. This novel clade included recently identified rodent-associated Borrelia genotypes, which were described from Spain and North America. Bartonella was identified in 12.9% (69/536) of samples. Over half of these positive samples were obtained from black rats (Rattus rattus), and the dominant bacterial species identified were Bartonella coopersplainsensis and Bartonella queenslandensis. The results from the present study show the value of using unbiased high-throughput sequencing applied to samples collected from wildlife. In addition to understanding the sylvatic cycle of known vector-associated pathogens, surveillance work is important to ensure preparedness for potential zoonotic spillover events

Application of heavy-quark effective theory to lattice QCD: II. Radiative corrections to heavy-light currents

We apply heavy-quark effective theory to separate long- and short-distance effects of heavy quarks in lattice gauge theory. In this approach, the inverse heavy-quark mass and the lattice spacing are treated as short distances, and their effects are lumped into short-distance coefficients. We show how to use this formalism to match lattice gauge theory to continuum QCD, order by order in the heavy-quark expansion. In this paper, we focus on heavy-light currents. In particular, we obtain one-loop results for the matching factors of lattice currents, needed for heavy-quark phenomenology, such as the calculation of heavy-light decay constants, and heavy-to-light transition form factors. Results for the Brodsky-Lepage-Mackenzie scale $q^*$ are also given.Comment: 32 pages, 8 figures. v2 corrects Eqs. (4.9) and (4.10) and adds a reference. Program LatHQ2QCD to compute matching one-loop coefficients available at http://theory.fnal.gov/people/kronfeld/LatHQ2QCD

The anti-B --> D* lepton anti-neutrino form factor at zero recoil and the determination of V(cb)

We summarize our lattice QCD study of the form factor at zero recoil in the decay anti-B --> D* lepton anti-neutrino. After careful consideration of all sources of systematic uncertainty, we find, h_A1(1) = 0.913(+0.024-0.017)(+0.017-0.030), where the first uncertainty is from statistics and fitting while the second combined uncertainty is from all other systematic effects.Comment: Lattice2001(HeavyQuark); 3 pages, 2 eps figures, espcrc2.st

Heavy quark action on the anisotropic lattice

We investigate the $O(a)$ improved quark action on anisotropic lattice as a potential framework for the heavy quark, which may enable precision computation of hadronic matrix elements of heavy-light mesons. The relativity relations of heavy-light mesons as well as of heavy quarkonium are examined on a quenched lattice with spatial lattice cutoff $a_\sigma^{-1} \simeq$ 1.6 GeV and the anisotropy $\xi=4$. We find that the bare anisotropy parameter tuned for the massless quark describes both the heavy-heavy and heavy-light mesons within 2% accuracy for the quark mass $a_\sigma m_Q < 0.8$, which covers the charm quark mass. This bare anisotropy parameter also successfully describes the heavy-light mesons in the quark mass region $a_\sigma m_Q \leq 1.2$ within the same accuracy. Beyond this region, the discretization effects seem to grow gradually. The anisotropic lattice is expected to extend by a factor $\xi$ the quark mass region in which the parameters in the action tuned for the massless limit are applicable for heavy-light systems with well controlled systematic errors.Comment: 11 pages, REVTeX4, 11 eps figure