Involvement in Physical Fights among School Attending Adolescents: A Nationally Representative Sample from Kuwait

Background: Interpersonal violence in school settings is an important public health problem worldwide. This study investigated the individual and social correlates for being involved in a physical fight amongst a nationally representative sample of school-attending adolescents in Kuwait. Methods: We carried out bivariate and multivariate analyses to determine the strength and direction of associations with adolescent involvement in problematic fighting behavior within a 12-month recall period. Results: Within a total sample of 3637, n = 877 (25.2%) of school-attending adolescents reported being involved in two or more physical fights during the recall period. The multivariate analysis indicated that being male (OR = 2.71; CI = 1.88–3.90), a victim of bullying (OR = 2.77; CI = 2.14–3.58), truancy (OR = 2.52; CI = 1.91–3.32), planning a suicide (OR = 2.04; CI = 1.49–2.78) and food deprivation (OR = 1.91; CI = 1.37–2.65) were associated with an increased risk of involvement in physical fighting. Peer support in the form of having close friends (OR = 0.85; CI = 0.76–0.96) was found to be associated with a reduced involvement in fighting behavior. Conclusion: The results, when taken together, suggest that supportive school environments may represent important settings for violence mitigation and prevention strategies</p

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Intervalo hídrico ótimo no perfil explorado pelas raízes de feijoeiro em um latossolo sob diferentes níveis de compactação Least limiting water range in an oxisol profile penetrated by common bean roots under different compaction levels

O intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) é integrador dos fatores de crescimento das plantas, e a densidade crítica obtida é um indicativo da qualidade estrutural do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o IHO em um Latossolo argiloso. Amostras de solo com estrutura preservada foram coletadas num experimento com três níveis de compactação: PD - plantio direto continuado por seis anos, PDc - plantio direto com compactação adicional e Esc - escarificação. Para a curva de resistência, coletaram-se 107 amostras na camada de 0 a 0,20 m em diferentes condições de umidade. Para a curva de retenção de água, coletaram-se amostras nas camadas de 0 a 0,05; 0,05 a 0,10; 0,10 a 0,15; 0,20 a 0,25; e 0,30 a 0,35 m. O modelo de resistência à penetração ajustado, com base na densidade e umidade, explicou 33 % da variação obtida na resistência do solo à penetração, sendo todos os parâmetros de ajuste significativos. A densidade crítica do IHO é dependente do valor de resistência à penetração considerado limitante, sendo de 1,36; 1,40; 1,45; e 1,49 Mg m-3 para valores de RP de 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; e 3,0 MPa, respectivamente. A aeração do solo passa a ser limitante com densidades acima de 1,32 Mg m-3. A compactação do solo reduziu o seu IHO na camada próxima a 0,10 m de profundidade. Quando se adotou a resistência crítica de 2 MPa, o IHO foi nulo nas camadas de 0,05 a 0,12 m no PD, de 0,05 a 0,17 m no Esc e de 0,03 a 0,22 m no PDc. Com a utilização de 3 MPa como resistência crítica, ocorreu ampliação, em que o IHO tem valor positivo, no perfil do solo; o IHO foi nulo apenas na camada de 0,05 a 0,15 m do PDc. As raízes do feijoeiro não cresceram na camada de solo onde o IHO foi nulo com resistência crítica de 3 MPa.<br>The least limiting water range (LLWR) integrates the plant growth factors and the critical bulk density is an indicator of the soil structural quality. The objective of this study was to determine the LLWR of a clayey Oxisol. Soil samples with preserved structure were collected in an experiment with three levels of soil compaction: NT - continuous no-tillage for six years, NTc - no-tillage with additional compaction and Chi - chisel plowing on previous no-till soil. To determine soil penetration resistance 107 samples were collected in the 0-0.20 m layer, at different soil moisture levels, whereas for the soil water retention curve samples were collected in the layers 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.15, 0.20-0.25 and 0.30-0.35 m. The adjusted soil penetration resistance model, based on bulk density and soil moisture, explained 33 % of the variation observed in soil penetration resistance and all parameters were significant in this adjustment. The critical bulk density of the LLWR depends on the value of limiting soil penetration resistance, which was 1.36, 1.40, 1.45, and 1.49 Mg m-3 for the RP values of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 MPa, respectively. Soil aeration became limiting when densities exceeded 1.32 Mg m-3. Soil compaction reduced LLWR in the layers around 0.10 m. At a critical resistance of 2 MPa, LLWR was zero in the layer 0.05-0.12 m for NT, in 0.05-0.17 m for Chi, and between 0.03 and 0.22 m for NTc. The use of 3 MPa as critical resistance resulted in positive LLWR value in deeper soil layers, and was zero only in the 0.05-0.15 m layer of the NTc. Common bean roots did not grow in the soil layer where the LLWR was zero with a critical resistance of 3 MPa