8 research outputs found
Gravitomagnetic Effects in the Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Variable Gravitational Fields of Arbitrary-Moving and Spinning Bodies
Propagation of light in the gravitational field of self-gravitating spinning
bodies moving with arbitrary velocities is discussed. The gravitational field
is assumed to be "weak" everywhere. Equations of motion of a light ray are
solved in the first post-Minkowskian approximation that is linear with respect
to the universal gravitational constant . We do not restrict ourselves with
the approximation of gravitational lens so that the solution of light geodesics
is applicable for arbitrary locations of source of light and observer. This
formalism is applied for studying corrections to the Shapiro time delay in
binary pulsars caused by the rotation of pulsar and its companion. We also
derive the correction to the light deflection angle caused by rotation of
gravitating bodies in the solar system (Sun, planets) or a gravitational lens.
The gravitational shift of frequency due to the combined translational and
rotational motions of light-ray-deflecting bodies is analyzed as well. We give
a general derivation of the formula describing the relativistic rotation of the
plane of polarization of electromagnetic waves (Skrotskii effect). This formula
is valid for arbitrary translational and rotational motion of gravitating
bodies and greatly extends the results of previous researchers. Finally, we
discuss the Skrotskii effect for gravitational waves emitted by localized
sources such as a binary system. The theoretical results of this paper can be
applied for studying various relativistic effects in microarcsecond space
astrometry and developing corresponding algorithms for data processing in space
astrometric missions such as FAME, SIM, and GAIA.Comment: 36 pages, 1 figure, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Aged mice exhibit greater mortality concomitant to increased brain and plasma TNF-alpha levels following intracerebroventricular injection of lipopolysaccharide
BACKGROUND:
Age-related defects in the development of peripheral inflammatory responses have been observed in rodents and humans.
OBJECTIVE:
We examined the effects of age on a centrally injected endotoxin-induced cytokine production and cellular activation in mice.
METHODS:
Male C57BL/6J (B6) mice, C3H/HeN mice, and C3H/HeJ mice received an intracerebroventricular injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and were sacrificed at various times (2, 4, 8 h) thereafter. ELISA for IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha were conducted on forebrain tissue homogenates as well as plasma samples, and lectin staining to detect activated microglia was prepared for selected brain slices.
RESULTS:
Intracerebroventricular injection of LPS in B6 mice produced an age-associated increase in mortality which was paralleled with a significant increase in brain and plasma levels of TNF-alpha. AntiTNF-alpha- and IL-6-immunoreactive cells possessed macrophagelike morphologies and were observed along the LPS injection tract and scattered throughout the hilus of the dorsal hippocampus and cerebral cortices. This LPS-mediated response was found to be specific in that the LPS-hyporesponsive mouse strain (C3H/HeJ) failed to demonstrate significant brain or plasma levels of TNF-alpha after LPS administration compared to C3H/HeN mice.
CONCLUSION:
These results suggest that the age-related increases in TNF-alpha production and mortality following the intracerebroventricular administration of LPS may be due to an increased endotoxin hypersensitivity of brain microglia/macrophages within aged animals