Potential Phytopharmacy and Food Applications of Capsicum spp.: A Comprehensive Review

Capsicum genus (Solanaceae) is native to the Americas. Today, it is an important agricultural crop cultivated around the world, not only due to its economic importance, but also for the nutritional value of the fruits. Among their phytochemical constituents, capsaicinoids are characteristic and responsible of the pungency of sharp-tasting cultivars. Moreover, Capsicum and capsaicinoids (mainly, capsaicin) have been largely studied because of their health benefits. Thus, this study reviews the scientific knowledge about Capsicum spp. and their phytochemicals against cancer, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, pain, and metabolic syndrome, as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. These bioactivities can be the basis of the formulation of functional ingredients and natural preservatives containing Capsicum extracts or isolated compounds

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Not AvailableIn the present study, an attempt has been made to delineate and characterize the different geomorphic units of Tundiya fiver catchment in a part of Lower Maharahstra Metamorphic Plateau, north-eastern part of Nagpur district, Maharashtra. The drainage, contour and delin- eated geological units have been overlaid on IRS-ID LISS III satellite imagery (bands 2,3 and 4) in EASI/PACE analysis system to delineate and characterize different geomorphological units and analysis of their processes based on the field observations. The study area is basically of metamorphic in origin with different geological formations and is influenced by the various fluvio-morphological processes. Based on the satellite data analysis, the distinct geomorpho- logical units viz., table top summits, structural hills, subdued plateau, linear ridges, shallow, moderate and deeply buried foot slopes, shallow valley fills and deep valley fills have been delineated and characterized. The information generated from satellite data in the form of vector layers has been used in GIS to generate geological and geomorphological maps of the study area. The present study demonstrates that IRS-ID LISS-III data in conjunction with geology, drainage and contour parameters to enable detailed evaluation of different geomor- phological units and analysis of their processes based on the field observations. The delineated geomorphological units can be utilized for evaluation and management of natural resources and geo-environment on sustainable basis at fiver catchment level.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn the present study, an attempt has been made to characterize the biophysical land units in Kanholi bara river basin of sub-humid tropical ecosystem of central India using remotely sensed data, field surveys and GIS based multi-criteria overlay analysis. The geo-spatial database on elevation, slope, landforms, soil depth, soil erosion, land use/land cover and hydrogeomorphological parameters has been generated using IRS-ID LISS-III satellite data coupled with soil survey data in GIS. The methodology followed in characterization of biophysical land units in GIS includes assigning scores for different classes of the layers and weighatges for different layers based on their characteristics and degree of influence on desired output. GIS based ‘multi criteria overlay’ analysis reveals seventeen distinct biophysical land units in the river basin. Severe (50.5-59.5) to very severe (59.5) biophysical stress units are found in plateau spurs, isolated mounds, linear ridges, dissected plateau and escarpments. These zones are associated with severe to very severe erosion, steep to very steep, extremely shallow soils, poor to very poor groundwater prospects, wastelands and scrublands. The characterization of biophysical land units helps in analysis of their potentials, problems and stress environment to plan and execute site-specific landscape management practices and maximize the productivity from each biophysical land unit. The present study demonstrates that generation of geo-spatial database based on remotely sensed data and field surveys in GIS and their analysis helps great extent in characterization of biophysical land units and analysis of their stress environment for management.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSustainable agricultural development and food security will be one of the key challenges for India in this century. Around 70% of the India’s population is living in rural area with agriculture as their livelihood support system. The vast majority of Indian farmers are small and marginal. Their farm size is decreasing further due to population growth. And the quality of the land is deteriorating due to heightened nutrient mining, soil erosion, increasing water scarcity, adverse impacts of climate change and accumulation of toxic elements in soil and water. Land degradation, like climate change, is an anthropogenic induced process and poses biggest threat to sustainable livelihood security of the farming communities across the country. All of these factors combined with increased rate of land degradation are contributing towards decline in agricultural productivity leading to food insecurity. Since land resources are finite, requisite measures are required to reclaim degraded and wastelands, so that areas going out of cultivation due to social and economic reasons are replenished by reclaiming these lands and by arresting further loss of production potential. State level and Country level information has already been published by the National Remote Sensing Agency (now NRSC). The first order need of the day, therefore, is to prepare a national degraded and wastelands map down scaled to districts. In addition, the nature and causes of the land degradation, and the degree and extent of damaged lands need to be determined, so that developmental agencies in participation with stakeholders proactively adopt measures to reclaim degraded lands for distancing food insecurity, a real challenge. This book builds-on and integrates work done by different institutes of the ICAR and the Department of Space in the area of degraded and wastelands. It has 11 chapters and chapter wise contents are outlined herewith. Chapter 1 Introduction, narrates problems associated with loss of productivity and soil quality. Centrality of land resources in relation to climate change, environmental concerns and loss of biodiversity are also discussed both in the national and global perspectives. Chapter 2 on Historical Background reviews efforts made over the last half a century by the Ministry of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Wasteland Development Board, and the National Remote Sensing Agency (now National Remote Sensing Centre) to classify and map degraded soils and wastelands. This chapter also traces steps taken over the past decade to refine common categories of wastelands in the maps produced by the NRSA and the soil degradation map of the NBSS&LUP. Chapter 3, Geographical Scenario of India defines location, diversity of climates, physiography of the country and their impacts on the development of varied soils, land forms and land use. Chapter 4, Generation of Input Data sets describes data sources for mapping land degradation by incorporating data sets on water erosion, wind erosion, soil acidity and soil salinity generated through collaborative efforts of the ICAR Institutes. Chapter 5, Methodology describes harmonization process developed in the GIS core and followed for obtaining realistic estimates of the degraded and wastelands. Chapter 6, Spatial Distribution of Degraded and Wastelands contains resultant map of the harmonization exercise showing degraded and wastelands of India by various degradation processes. Chapter 7 describes detailed distribution of area of the various categories of degraded and wastelands in 20 AERs. The AER-based data can be used to simulate abiotic stressed land resources availability, use and production potentials. Extent and distribution of degraded and wastelands in different states of India is given in Chapter 8. This chapter contains maps and statistics, state wise and districtwise of the degraded and wastelands. The datasets on the kinds of land degradations, their area and spread are tabulated and mapped. And the land resource inventory is geo-referenced and can be used for launching programmes to rehabilitate and vegetate degraded and wastelands. Chapter 9 discusses severity ranking of different states for different types of degraded lands. Chapter 10 describes scientific and technical relevance of this study. The importance of the data and spatial distribution of the degraded lands across the country in agroecological regions and in states/districts for planning departments is included for implementation of conservation agriculture. Chapter 11 enlists operational use of maps of datasets on degraded and wastelands by various ministries of the Government of India, the NGOs, and by the public institutions at large.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableUnderstanding the relationship between land attributes and soil erosion processes is very important as the resource conservation and developmental programmes are being taken up increasingly on watershed basis. The Karanji watershed is predominantly under rainfed farming associated with soil erosion problems and low crop productivity. Spatial information related to elevation (DEM), physiography, slope and existing land use/land cover and soils has been derived through remote sensing, collateral data and field survey and used as inputs in Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to compute soil loss in GIS. Physiographically, the area has been delineated into plateau, escarpment, isolated hillock, foot slopes, undulating land, alluvial plain and valley and encompasses very gently (1–3%) to moderately steeply (15–30%) sloping lands. The temporal satellite data of IRS-P6 LISS-III and LISS-IV was used to classify the present land use/land cover,which indicated that cultivated land is the dominant land utilization type with single crop (38.2%) and double crop (21.0%) followed by degraded forest (14.1%), moderately dense forest (13.7%), dense forest (5.6%) and wasteland with scrub (3.9%). Physiographic as unit wise analysis of soil loss indicated the erosion risk areas. The study identified about 3330 ha area constituting 16.4% of the watershed under extremely severe erosion. These areas are moderately and moderately steeply sloping escarpments and isolated hillocks with degraded forest and wasteland with scrub. Various soil erosion control measures (both agronomic and mechanical) and suitable interventions like afforestation, agroforestry, agri-horticulture have been suggested for sustainable development and management of land resources, soil moisture conservation, water resources development, improving the crop productivity and preservation of eco-diversity.Not Availabl

EPULIS AND ITS SURGICAL TREATMENT IN A SPITZ BITCH

One Spitz bitch of about 7 years of age with pedunculated soft tissue mass at upper left corner molar teeth was presented. Local excision under Atropine - Xylazine - Ketamine - Diazepam combined administration was performed with red hot iron thermo-cauterization. The excised mass on histopathology showed squamous hyperplasia with fibrous network and angiogenesis interpreting fibrous epulis. No recurrence was observed or no chemotherapy was needed up to one year post operation