Human Capital Investment and Economic Growth in Saudi Arabia: Error Correction Model

To examine the relationship between investment in human capital and economic growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the period 1970-2014. Quantitative research design has been implemented. Granger Causality approach has been employed, followed by error correction model. The data stationarity and integration order have been tested, using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller. Any long-run or short-run causality was not observed between expenditure on education and economic growth (per capita GDP). 73.6% variation has been indicated by fixed capital formation of GNP, which is considered as an effective aspect. The results indicated that results are statistically significant with p-value (0.000) at 5% level of significance. Investment in human capital, with the right policy assessments and rehabilitation, can be translated into an essential element of growth in the Saudi economy. Keywords: Economic Growth, Human Capital, Error Correction model JEL Classifications: G0, G10, G3

Lie and Noether symmetries of geodesic equations and collineations

The Lie symmetries of the geodesic equations in a Riemannian space are computed in terms of the special projective group and its degenerates (affine vectors, homothetic vector and Killing vectors) of the metric. The Noether symmetries of the same equations are given in terms of the homothetic and the Killing vectors of the metric. It is shown that the geodesic equations in a Riemannian space admit three linear first integrals and two quadratic first integrals. We apply the results in the case of Einstein spaces, the Schwarzschild spacetime and the Friedman Robertson Walker spacetime. In each case the Lie and the Noether symmetries are computed explicitly together with the corresponding linear and quadratic first integrals.Comment: 19 page

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2,3,4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease

The protection of human rights in Islamic Republic of Pakistan with special reference to Islamic Shari'ah under 1973 Constitution

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN034437 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Invariance properties and conservation laws of the nonlinear damped wave equation with power law nonlinearities

Nonlinear evolution equations represent some of the most fundamental processes in both physics as well engineering. Considering this, we analyze and classify the three dimensional wave equation with a power law nonlinearity in presence of damping and external force terms. In view of the significance of conservation laws in physics, a study of the invariance properties is presented and conservation laws are constructed and classified. An illustrative case of a symmetry reduction in one special case is presented. Keywords: Power law non-linearity, Diffusion, Damped wave, Conservation law