Effects of aflatoxin B1 on growth performance, health indices, phagocytic activity and histopathological alteration in Fenneropenaeus indicus

Mycotoxins contamination of feedstuff for aquatic animals is common in regions with humid tropical conditions. In this study Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus, (11.79 ± 1.76 g) were fed with diets containing 0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 ppb levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFLB1) for 8 weeks. Final weight, aflatoxin B1 residue (2-week intervals), Total Hemocyte Count (THC), Total Plasma Protein (TPP), Phagocytic Activity (PA), Survival rate (4-week intervals) were determined. Histopathological alterations in hepatopancreas, midgut and muscle tissues were studied at the end of 4 and 8 weeks. Shrimps fed with the 1600, 800 and 400 ppb concentrations of AFLB1 exhibited slow growth, and more reddish discoloration disseminated over the body at 4th week. Growth parameters, survival rate and health indices (THC, TPP) of F. indicus, are affected by the different doses of AFLB1 in diets. At the end of 8th week, doses of AFLB1 in the diets showed negative correlation to final weight, survival rate, THC and TPP (r = - 0.312, -0.603, -0.237 and - 0.649 at P<0.001, respectively). Moreover, significant histopathological alterations in the hepatopancreas, midgut and muscle tissues of exposed shrimps to different levels of AFLB1 were observed and these alterations are obviously indicated by changes in the health indexes (THC and TPP)

Assessment of genetic diversity among Iranian Triticum germplasm using agro-morphological traits and start codon targeted (SCoT) markers

The knowledge about genetic diversity in the wild relatives of wheat provides useful information for breeding programs and gene pool management. In the present study, an assessment of agro-morphological diversity and molecular variability among 70 accessions of Triticum, belonging to T. boeoticum, T. urartu, T. durum and T. aestivum species, collected from different regions of Iran was made. According to phenotypic analysis, all traits except peduncle length, stem diameter and the number of seeds per spike indicated a high level of diversity among studied accessions. Also, principal component analysis identified six components that explained 87.53% of the total variation in agro-morphological traits. In molecular analysis, 15 start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism primers produced 166 bands, out of which, 162 (97.59%) were polymorphic. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated the 63% of the variation resided among populations. The maximum value of polymorphism information content (PIC), the observed (Na) and effective (Ne) number of alleles, Nie’s gene diversity (He) and Shannon’s information index (I) was detected for T. boeoticum than the other species. The SCoT-based tree revealed three different groups corresponding to the genomic constitution in Triticum germplasm, which was in part confirmed by STRUCTURE and principal coordinate (PCoA) analyses. Our results indicated a remarkable level of genetic diversity among studied Iranian Triticum species, especially T. boeoticum, which can be of interest for future breeding and other analyses associated with future studies of the wild relatives of wheat. More importantly, our results revealed that SCoT markers could be used to accurate evaluate genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among different Triticum species

Review on saprolegniasis in propagation and cultivation of cold water fish center emphasis on national and international investigation on prevention, control and treatment

Saprolegnia sp. is the most important pathogenic fungi in fish. Saprolegnia parasitica, S. diclina, S. ferax and S. hypogina are the most abundance of the fungi that caused saprolegniasis in fish and hatcheries.They have global distributions and their percences were reported from cold water fish farms of the world. It has been amazingly shown, 1 in 10 hatched salmon raised in fish farms die as a result of S. parasitica infection. Saprolegniasis caused mortality not only in cultivated cold water fish but also in wild cold water fish and the disease were killed up to 22% of wild salmon. Up till 2002, Saprolegnia infections in aquaculture were kept under control with malachite green, an organic dye that is very efficient at killing the pathogen. However, the use of malachite green has been banned worldwide due to its carcinogenic and toxicological effects and this has resulted in a dramatic re-emergence of Saprolegnia infections in aquaculture. The economical losses of Saprolegniasis are so high and many investigations were conducted on identification, virolence and predisposing factors, prevention and control of saprolegniasis in the world. This study has been focused on the last data about ofn physiological characteristic, identification methods, and pathogenicity of Saprolegnia sp., virulence parameters, predisposing factors, prevention and control of saprolegniasis

National roadmap for aquatic organisms biological products

Specialists in Marine biotechnology using marine biological engineering and scientific principles to develop natural products and regarded services. One of the most important applications of this new branch is produce the natural products such as enzymes, natural colors, vaccines and drugs and etc. which produced from marine living organisms. These products are used in various industries such as pharmaceutical, food or health industry. In the current study, we try to remark the application of marine biological products in the northern (Caspian Sea), southern (Persian Gulf and Oman Sea) or internal waters of Iran into six categories, including aquaculture, pharmaceutical industry, food, healthcare and cosmetic industries. For this purpose, the required information will be collected using investigations which conducted inside and also outside of our country by reviewing and analysis of derived data by attention to our economical facilities for national self-sufficiency in production. Applied research projects will be introduced in three parts including research, technology development and pilot plant as well. Hope that using this strategic document will be effective and practical to production of biological products from marine resources until 2025

Study of growth, survival rate and final harvesting of Litopenaeus vannamei impact of 25, 35 and 50 (per/m^2) stocking densities

For the first time in research program and species diversity the white legged shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was introduced in Iran in 2005 by Iranian Fisheries Research Organization. In two recent years two projects was carried out successfully in Hele Research Station and according of these projects study of growth, survival rate and final harvesting of Litopenaeus vannamei impact of 25, 35 and 50 (per/m^2) stocking densities was done .Nine 0.4 ha earthen ponds were stocked from 26 June 2006 to 11 November 2006 and the rate of stocking was 100000,140000 and 200000 Pl in 25, 35 and 50 per /m^2 respectively. We also carried out daily test of pH, temperature and dissolve oxygen two times per day but transparency, depth and salinity one time per day. The mean weight in 120 days was 17/84±2/6, 16/03±1/9 and14/09±2/3 grams in 25, 35 and 50 per /m^2 respectively and highest weight was seen in 25 density. Results demonstrated that there was a significant relation (P<0.05) between mean weight. The yield were 1745, 2055 and 2425 kg/pond although 4/3, 5/1 and 6 ton/ha in 25, 35 and 50 per /m^3 respectively. The maximum and minimum survival rate 97/96 and 88/46 was seen in 25 and 50 per/m^2. The minimum FCR 1.43 was seen in 25 per /m^2. For economical calculating just by using the cost of larva and feeding indicates that the highest benefit percentage was seen in 25 density. The average of salinity, pH, temperature and dissolve oxygen were 36.1-37 ppt, 8.1, 30.2-30.6 degrees centigrade and 5.9- 6.4 mg/l

Survey on white spot virus infection in wild shrimps and crabs in Bushehr province coastal waters

After severe mortality due to white spot disease incidence in cultured shrimps of Helleh grows out farms, disease spread to Delvar,Mond, Boeyrat and Bandar Rig sites in Bushehr province during 2005. Many crustaceans keep this virus in the body, act as a carrier, and can spread of the infection. In order to investigate status of contamination of wild shrimp and crab's population to white spot virus in Bushehr province waters (north of Persian Gulf), samples were collected and tested by Nested PCR for detection of WSV from estuaries and input and output channels water around the Helleh, Shif and Mond sites during 2007 and 2008. Total tested shrimps were 401 peaces, includes green tiger shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) 220 pieces, white shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis) 181 pieces, also total tested crabs were 292 pieces includes Ocypode rotundata 68 pieces and Portunus pelagicus 224 pieces. All the samples showed negative results of WSV contamination. However, it can never be sure that the population is free from WSV unless we collect a random sample of 300 pieces from each species and test them individually for WSV. Therefore, we will be confident up to 95% that the wild sources in that area have no prevalence of 1% or upper WSV contamination

Study on effect of enriched Artemia with (HUFA) on reproductive parameters and comparing with current method (used marine worm) in Litopenaeus vannamei

Nowadays, the use of live food enrichment is very common in aquaculture and as a practical method introduced. Artemia a potential food source and quality is suitable, it will have used for feeding fish and crustaceans (shrimp). In this study, Artemia enriched with unsaturated fatty acids used for increase the sexual maturity of the white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Thus, the young brood stocks transferred to Bandarga Research station. In order to achieve optimal weight, Brood stocks were feeding by food concentrate and food frozen fresh. In this study such as 3 treatments each with 3 replicates, which brood stocks were stocking in the fiberglass thank with density 2 to 3 (pieces/m^2). They were feeding with meals different including 1) squid , pen shale and marine polychaeta worm (Perinereis nuntia), 2) squid , pen shale and Artemia biomass "fransiscan", 3) squid , pen shale and Artemia biomass enriched with unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) SPARI SELCO solution after were eye ablation. The results showed that sexual maturity increased in the brood stocks fed with Artemia enriched which with significantly higher brood stocks fed with Artemia biomass and the marine worm (P 0.05). The other hand, histological studies showed that brood stocks fed with Artemia enriched than other two treatments contain were many mature follicles ready for ovulation. However, there was more absolute fecundity in the brood stocks fed with Artemia enriched, but don't found any significant differences in competition with other two treatments (P>0.05). In addition, during this period, measured and recorded all factors physicochemical water and environment daily. Following this study showed that if the Artemia enriched as part of the diet can both caused eliminate unsaturated fatty acid deficiency diet and improved ovarian development and increase sexual maturity brood stocks female in a short interval. Finally, the results analyzed with statistical software spss 9.0, one way ANOVA and Tukey test

Standard of insurance procedures and risk assessment manual for cold water fish culture regarding management and natural disasters

The total production of Rainbow trout fish aquaculture in 2009 had been 72515 t which was significantly increased (91519 t) in 2010. Despite of increasing trout fish production during last decade, absence conformity between suitable cultural and proliferation district of this fish species and geographical one, faced this industry harmfully to natural disasters such as flood, overflow and so on, and mismanagement due to human injustices. Hence insurance and supporting concept of can be having a determinant role in efflorescence and increasing production of this fish. The aim of this project is performing an insurance policy based on risk analysis model in propagation and cultural phases of rainbow trout aquaculture, separately. In this study, pay attention to standards in trout fish aquaculture procedure and determination of critical parameters on, are the first research step and recognition of risk factors in different aquaculture phases due to natural disasters and mismanagement, from the brood stock maintenance till reach to 3-5 g fingerling and finally market size fishes, are the following research steps. After determination of proportion percentages of each parameters regarding to arise the risk, analysis risks and risk management were done for trout fish aquaculture. Three provinces, Fars, Mazandaran and Charmahal Bakhtiary as poles production of trout fish were chosen as delegates of the whole Iran and insurance ability of trout fish hatcheries and aquaculture farms were done. Trout aquaculture standardization were obtained, natural disasters and mismanagement affected on aquaculture activities were recognized (Chapters 1 and 3) and due to importance of health and disease of trout fish, mortality causes and audit signs of also determined and analyzed (Chapter 2) . In Chapter 4, trout farms degraded and fix and natural disasters for trout fish brood stock, propagation hatcheries and cultural farms were analyzed and accounted. Finally, premium and recompense were accounted for hatchery and farm separately

Role of aflatoxin B1 on hematological factors, histopathological changes, tissue residual, growth and survival rate of Fenneropenaeus indicus

Role of aflatoxin B1 on hematological indexes, histopathological changes, tissue residual, growth and survival rate of Fenneropenaeus indicus Some similar cases of aflatoxin chronic poisoning were reported from cultured shrimps in Iran. In this study, Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus, with a weight of 11.79 ± 1.76 grams were fed with diets containing 0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 ppb levels of AFB1 for 8 weeks. Growth performances, survival rate, residue in muscles and cephalothorax, hematological and histopathological changes were determined after 4 and 8 weeks. The results showed that after 8 week of feeding shrimps with values of 20, 50 and 100 ppb aflatoxin B1, did not affect the growth rate, but with increased levels of Aflatoxin B1 in feed, the growth is reduced and the correlation (r) minus the final weight equal to - 0.312. After eight weeks doses of AFB1 in the diets showed negative correlation to the survival rate, total haemocyte count (THC), total plasma protein (TPP) equal to -0.603, -0.237 and -0.649 respectively. Histopathological changes were variety necrosis, degeneration and atrophy of epithelial and secretory cells lining the tubules, infiltration of fibroblasts in the walls of hepatopancreas tubules, separated muscle bundles in Muscle tissues and intestinal mucosal necrosis and detachment. Possible amelioration was examined by feeding control and treated shrimp (after eight weeks exposure to AFB1) by dietary without AFB1 for four weeks. The Recovery was observed in all parameters of 20, 50, 100 and 200 ppb AFB1 treatments but shrimps fed with the 1600 ppb and 800 ppb concentrations of AFB1 exhibited slower growth, more reddish discoloration disseminated over the body and lack of consistency in the hepatopancreas at 4th week recovery period. After eight weeks, the highest level of aflatoxin B1 residues in shrimp muscles was observed in 100 ppb treatment that its value was 1.55 ppb, but the highest level of aflatoxin B1 residues in cephalothorax was observed in 1600 ppb treatment that its value was 7.1 ppb. In terms of public health, these amounts of aflatoxin in shrimp body are less than permissible limit for human consumption

Environmental risk assessment of the activity of specific pathogen free shrimp production centers

This study is a part of the national and technology master plan entitled "Attain to technical knowledge of specific pathogen free shrimp production and cut off to dependence on foreign products". The goals of this work were to assess and analysis the risk factors of production of specific pathogen free Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp in its all stages (broodstocking, laravl production, shrimp farming, feeding and water quality), determining the pattern of outcomes monitoring, management and control of outcomes from April 2012 to September 2015 in Bandargah research station and Persian Gulf SPF Shrimp research station and their environment, belonging to Shrimp Research Center, located in Bushehr. Identification and screening of risk factors have been done based on Environment Aspect and Effect Analysis method, (EA)2, using a fine statement questionnaire and quantification of risks. The number of identified risk factors in Bandargah research station was 15 while it was 13 in Persian Gulf SPF Shrimp research station. The more number of risk factors in Bandargah station in respect to its number in Persian Gulf station is might due to lower level of biosecurity, physical structure and aging of Bandargah station and existence of two possible source of contamination, the Bushehr nuclear power plant pollutants and Bandargah fishing harbor, near to the station. On the basis of results, the maximum values of APN in Bandargah station was 42 while it was 30 in Persian Gulf station. These results revealed that the level of risk in Bandargah station is lower than that in Persian Gulf station. The most probable risks in both studied research stations are related to transmission of pathogens in shrimp feeding and water intake pollution