Modern technologies as a threat to the national mentality

Relevance. The national mentality is the fundamental basis of a nation existence. It increases the adaptive potential of its native speakers, allows them to preserve their identity and exist as a single group united by nationality. Modern technologies as an integral attribute of the present inevitably interact with the national mentality, which is an important component of the life of society. Subject. Destructive potential of modern technologies in relation to the national mentality. Therefore, the author considered informational, cognitive and psychological technologies among the many varieties of modern ones. Since they act as channels for transmitting destructive information that threatens the national mentality, which is a source of information for the nation in all significant spheres of life. Aim. To consider the declared modern technologies as threats to the national mentality as the basis of society vital activity. Methods. A philosophical and cultural approach, as well as psychological and anthropological analysis, through which the foundations of a modern society existence were discovered. The society despite its focus on technological progress and the possibilities of modern technologies, does not completely deviate from the values of the national mentality. Results. The author determined the influence of modern technologies on the national mentality, which is of a negative nature. This allows us to summarize that new technologies not only simplify life and bring it to a higher level of development, but also undermine its foundations, becoming a threat. Conclusions. Modern technologies can pose a threat to the national mentality if they are used in information, cognitive and psychological wars, as well as in the case of ill-conceived actions aimed at positively influencing it. Often, the war of meanings (the war of the new generation) is referred to as an information and psychological war using the latest achievements of science and technology, including information, cognitive and psychological tools. Further research in this area is very promising, since at present the confrontation between two opposite processes – globalization and regionalization – is growing, intercivilizational contradictions are increasing, and developments in the field of improving methods of non-kinetic warfare, which often appears as an image of the Third World war, are continuing

Vortex-free laser beam with an orbital angular momentum

We show that if one cylindrical lens is placed in the Gaussian beam waist and another cylindrical lens is placed at some distance from the first one and rotated by some angle, then the laser beam after the second lens has an orbital angular momentum (OAM). An explicit analytical expression for the OAM of such a beam is obtained. Depending on the inter-lens distance, the OAM can be positive, negative, or zero. Such a laser beam has no isolated intensity nulls with a singular phase and it is not an optical vortex, but has an OAM. By choosing the radius of the beam waist of the source Gaussian beam, the focal lengths of the lenses and the distance between them, it is possible to generate a vortex-free laser beam equivalent to an optical vortex with a topological charge of several hundreds.This work was funded by the Russian Science Foundation grant # 17-19-0118

Controlling the orbital angular momentum of Gaussian vortices by shifting the point of phase singularity

A simple formula is obtained to describe the normalized orbital angular momentum (OAM) of a Gaussian beam after passing through a shifter spiral phase plate (SPP). The formula shows that while being equal to the topological charge at the zero off-axis shift, the OAM becomes fractional with increasing shift and it is tending to zero exponentially. Analytic expressions of the complex amplitude of the Gaussian beam having passed through the off-axis SPP show that as the beam propagates, the isolated intensity null moves from the initial point defined by the vector of the SPP's center shift along a straight line perpendicular to the said vector. Using a liquid crystal light modulator, crescent-shaped beams are experimentally generated.This work was supported by the Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations (agreement No 007-ГЗ/Ч3363/26) and funded by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), grant No. 17-19-01186

Topological charge of a superposition of two Bessel-Gaussian beams

В работе теоретически показано, что у суперпозиции двух пучков Бесселя–Гаусса с разными топологическими зарядами и разными масштабными множителями (радиальными проекциями волновых векторов) топологический заряд равен топологическому заряду того пучка Бесселя–Гаусса, у которого больше масштабный множитель. Если у пучков Бесселя–Гаусса масштабные множители равны, то топологический заряд суперпозиции равен топологическому заряду того пучка Бесселя–Гаусса, у которого больше модуль весового коэффициента (больше мощность). Если и мощности пучков одинаковы, то топологический заряд суперпозиции равен среднему арифметическому от топологических зарядов каждого пучка Бесселя–Гаусса в суперпозиции. При условии, что сумма топологических зарядов обоих пучков нечётная, топологический заряд суперпозиции будет полуцелым числом. Но на практике из-за конечного радиуса окружности, на котором рассчитывается топологический заряд, полуцелого топологического заряда для вырожденного случая не получается. Вместо полуцелого топологического заряда, получается целый топологический заряд, меньший из двух. Моделирование показывает, что при небольшой разнице в весовых коэффициентах топологический заряд суперпозиции не сохраняется: в ближней зоне и зоне Френеля топологический заряд равен большему из двух, а в дальней зоне – меньшему. Причем переход топологического заряда от большего к меньшему происходит не скачком, а непрерывно на некотором расстоянии. В переходной зоне топологический заряд дробный. Here we show theoretically that a superposition of two Bessel-Gaussian (BG) beams with different topological charges (TC) and different scaling factors (radial components of the wave vectors) has the TC equal to that of the BG beam with the larger scaling factor. If the scaling factors of the BG beams are equal, then TC of the whole superposition equals TC of the BG beam with the larger (in absolute value) weight coefficient in the superposition (i.e. with larger power). If the constituent BG beams are also same-power, TC of the superposition equals the average TC of the two BG beams. Therefore, if the sum of TCs of both beams is odd, TC of the superposition is a half-integer number. In practice, however, TC is calculated over a finite radius circle and, hence, the half-integer TC for the degenerated case cannot be obtained. Instead of the half-integer TC, the lower of the two integer TCs is obtained. Numerical simulation reveals that if the weight coefficients in the superposition are slightly different, TC of the superposition is not conserved on propagation. In the near field and in the Fresnel diffraction zone, TC is equal to the highest TC of the two BG beams, while in the far field it is equal to the lower TC. What is more, TC changes its value from high to low not instantly, but continuously at some propagation distance. In the intermediate zone TC is fractional.Работа выполнена при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (грант 18-29-20003 в частях «Расчет топологического заряда суммы двух пучков БГ» и «Топологический заряд суперпозиции двух пучков Бесселя–Гаусса с одинаковыми весовыми и масштабными коэффициентами»), Российского научного фонда (грант 18-19-00595 в частях «Моделирование» и «Моделирование в случае примерного равенства весовых коэффициентов»), а также Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ в рамках выполнения работ по Государственному заданию ФНИЦ «Кристаллография и фотоника» РАН в части «Введение» и «Заключение»

Instabilities and Bifurcations of Nonlinear Impurity Modes

We study the structure and stability of nonlinear impurity modes in the discrete nonlinear Schr{\"o}dinger equation with a single on-site nonlinear impurity emphasizing the effects of interplay between discreteness, nonlinearity and disorder. We show how the interaction of a nonlinear localized mode (a discrete soliton or discrete breather) with a repulsive impurity generates a family of stationary states near the impurity site, as well as examine both theoretical and numerical criteria for the transition between different localized states via a cascade of bifurcations.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, Phys. Rev. E in pres

Time-optimal algorithms focused on the search for random pulsed-point sources

The article describes methods and algorithms related to the analysis of dynamically changing discrete random fields. Time-optimal strategies for the localization of pulsed-point sources having a random spatial distribution and indicating themselves by generating instant delta pulses at random times are proposed. An optimal strategy is a procedure that has a minimum (statistically) average localization time. The search is performed in accordance with the requirements for localization accuracy and is carried out by a system with one or several receiving devices. Along with the predetermined accuracy of localization of a random pulsed-point source, a significant complicating factor of the formulated problem is that the choice of the optimal search procedure is not limited to one-step algorithms that end at the moment of first pulse generation. Moreover, the article shows that even with relatively low requirements for localization accuracy, the time-optimal procedure consists of several steps, and the transition from one step to another occurs at the time of registration of the next pulse by the receiving system. In this case, the situation is acceptable when during the process of optimal search some of the generated pulses are not fixed by the receiving system. The parameters of the optimal search depending on the number of receiving devices and the required accuracy of localization are calculated and described in the paper.This work was supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects no 18-51-00001 and 19-01-00128), and Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (project no. № AAA-A17-117052410034-6)

Transformation of a high-order edge dislocation to optical vortices (spiral dislocations)

Теоретически показано, что астигматическое преобразование краевой дислокации (прямой линии нулевой интенсивности) n-го порядка формирует на двойном фокусном расстоянии от цилиндрической линзы n оптических эллиптических вихрей (винтовых дислокаций) с единичным топологическим зарядом, расположенных на прямой линии, перпендикулярной краевой дислокации, в точках, координаты которых являются корнями многочлена Эрмита n-го порядка. Орбитальный угловой момент краевой дислокации с астигматической фазой пропорционален n. We theoretically show that an astigmatic transformation of an nth-order edge dislocation (a zero-intensity straight line) produces n optical elliptical vortices (spiral dislocations) with unit topological charge at the double focal distance from the cylindrical lens, located on a straight line perpendicular to the edge dislocation, at points whose coordinates are the roots of an nth-order Hermite polynomial. The orbital angular momentum of the edge dislocation is proportional to the order n.Работа выполнена при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (грант 18-29-20003, параграф «Комплексная амплитуда поля с краевой дислокацией на двойном фокусном расстоянии»), Российского научного фонда (грант 18-19-00595, параграф «Орбитальный угловой момент»), а также Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ в рамках выполнения работ по Государственному заданию ФНИЦ «Кристаллография и фотоника» РАН (параграф «Моделирование»)

Magnetothermopower and Nernst effect in unconventional charge density waves

Recently we have shown that the striking angular dependent magnetoresistance in the low temperature phase (LTP) of alpha-(BEDT-TTF)_2KHg(SCN)_4 is consistently described in terms of unconventional charge density wave (UCDW). Here we investigate theoretically the thermoelectric power and the Nernst effect in UDW. The present results account consistently for the recent data of magnetothermopower in alpha-(BEDT-TTF)_2KHg(SCN)_4 obtained by Choi et al. (Phys. Rev. B, 65, 205119 (2002)). This confirms further our identification of LTP in this salt as UCDW. We propose also that the Nernst effect provides a clear signature of UDW.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Experimental investigation of the energy backflow in the tight focal spot

С помощью двух одинаковых микрообъективов с числовой апертурой 0,95 было экспериментально показано, что интенсивность на оптической оси в плоскости фокуса оптического вихря с топологическим зарядом 2 равна нулю для света с правой круговой поляризацией и ненулевая для света с левой круговой поляризацией. Подтверждением того, что в последнем случае на оптической оси существует обратный поток энергии, является наличие в центре измеренного потока энергии слабого локального максимума (пятна Араго), объясняемого дифракцией прямого потока энергии на круге диаметром 300 нм (соответствует диаметру трубки обратного потока энергии). Сравнивая численные и экспериментальные распределения интенсивности, возможно определить диаметр трубки обратного потока – он равен расстоянию между нулями интенсивности. Для числовой апертуры 0,95 и длины волны 532 нм диаметр трубки обратного потока равен 300 нм. Также экспериментально показано, что при фокусировке цилиндрического векторного пучка второго порядка линзой с числовой апертурой 0,95 возникает осесимметричный поток энергии с очень слабым максимумом в центре (пятно Араго). Такое распределение объясняется дифракцией прямого потока энергии на круглой области диаметром 300 нм, в которой поток энергии обратный. Это также является подтверждением присутствия обратного потока энергии на оптической оси. Using two identical microobjectives with a numerical aperture NA = 0.95, we experimentally demonstrate that the on-axis intensity near the tight focal spot of an optical vortex with a topological charge 2 is zero for right-handed circular polarization and nonzero for left-handed circular polarization. This serves to confirm that in the latter case there is a reverse energy flow on the optical axis, as testified by a very weak local maximum (the Arago spot) detected at the center of the measured energy flow distribution, caused by diffraction of the direct energy flow by a 300 nm circle (the diameter of a reverse energy flow tube). The comparison of numerical and experimental intensity distributions shows that it is possible to determine the diameter of the reverse energy flow "tube", which is equal to the distance between the adjacent intensity nulls. For NA = 0.95 and a 532 nm incident wavelength, the diameter of the on-axis reverse energy flow "tube" is measured to be 300 nm. It is also experimentally shown that when an optical beam with second-order cylindrical polarization is focused with a lens with NA = 0.95, there is a circularly symmetric energy flow in the focus with a very weak maximum in the center (the Arago spot), whose distribution is determined by diffraction of the direct energy flow by a 300 nm circular region, where the energy flow is reverse. This also confirms that in this case, there is a reverse energy flow on the optical axis.Работа выполнена при поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант 18-19-00595) в части «Эксперимент по обнаружению обратного потока в фокусе оптического вихря с круговой поляризацией», Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (грант 18-29-20003) в части «Эксперимент по обнаружению обратного потока в фокусе поляризационного вихря второго порядка» и Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ в рамках выполнения работ по Государственному заданию ФНИЦ «Кристаллография и фотоника» РАН (соглашение 007-ГЗ/Ч3363/26) в части «Силы, действующие на наночастицу в обратном потоке энергии»

The Dependence of the Superconducting Transition Temperature of Organic Molecular Crystals on Intrinsically Non-Magnetic Disorder: a Signature of either Unconventional Superconductivity or Novel Local Magnetic Moment Formation

We give a theoretical analysis of published experimental studies of the effects of impurities and disorder on the superconducting transition temperature, T_c, of the organic molecular crystals kappa-ET_2X and beta-ET_2X (where ET is bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene and X is an anion eg I_3). The Abrikosov-Gorkov (AG) formula describes the suppression of T_c both by magnetic impurities in singlet superconductors, including s-wave superconductors and by non-magnetic impurities in a non-s-wave superconductor. We show that various sources of disorder lead to the suppression of T_c as described by the AG formula. This is confirmed by the excellent fit to the data, the fact that these materials are in the clean limit and the excellent agreement between the value of the interlayer hopping integral, t_perp, calculated from this fit and the value of t_perp found from angular-dependant magnetoresistance and quantum oscillation experiments. If the disorder is, as seems most likely, non-magnetic then the pairing state cannot be s-wave. We show that the cooling rate dependence of the magnetisation is inconsistent with paramagnetic impurities. Triplet pairing is ruled out by several experiments. If the disorder is non-magnetic then this implies that l>=2, in which case Occam's razor suggests that d-wave pairing is realised. Given the proximity of these materials to an antiferromagnetic Mott transition, it is possible that the disorder leads to the formation of local magnetic moments via some novel mechanism. Thus we conclude that either kappa-ET_2X and beta-ET_2X are d-wave superconductors or else they display a novel mechanism for the formation of localised moments. We suggest systematic experiments to differentiate between these scenarios.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure