Инновационные технологии и технические средства для промышленного питомниководства

Russian manufacturing companies do not produce high-clearance equipment for nursery farms growing fruit and berry planting material. In this respect, VIM and Michurinsk State Agrarian University have developed a system of high-clearance machines, taking into account the nursery area, thus providing for effi cient production. (Research purpose) Increasing the effi ciency of growing seedlings and apple rootstocks reproducing in a vegetative way in a mother plantation by means of complex mechanization based on universal technical equipment and technological modules with rational design parameters and kinematic characteristics of working units. (Materials and methods) General methodology for testing machines and working units was supplemented with specifi c methods used in accordance with the research program. The authors made experimental models of machines for spring opening of grafters, cultivating growing shoots, cleaning leaves, and separating branches; provided a system of automatic orientation over a number of plants; and developed a set of technical tools for the care of grafters. (Results and discussion) It has been determined that high-quality spring opening of a mother plantation with the observance of optimal timing for opening shoots increases the productivity of the mother plantation by 7-10 percent. Establishing an optimal environment for plant development using a machine with an active working unit for hilling growing shoots increases the output of standard layering up to 86.2-90.6 percent. Appropriate mechanized separation of layering in improved cutting conditions allowed to increase the yield of standard layering by 5-7 percent, and in the subsequent year there was an 8-10 percent increase in the yield of standard layering (of the fi rst grade) due to their better rooting. (Conclusions) The economic effi ciency of using a universal mechanized set of machinery in a mother plantation is from 514 thousand to 664 thousand rubles per one hectare. The use of high-level technical means of SUVES, VP-1.5 and AP-1.5 with replaceable technological modules increases the level of mechanization by an average of 30 percent, signifi cantly reduces labor costs – up to 20 percent, and improves working conditions for operating staff .В Российской Федерации не производят высококлиренсную технику для питомниководческих хозяйств, выращивающих посадочный материал плодовых и ягодных культур. В связи с этим в Федеральном научном агроинженерном центре ВИМ и Мичуринском государственном аграрном университете разработали систему высококлиренсных энергетических средств, позволяющую эффективно вести хозяйственную деятельность, в зависимости от площади питомника. (Цель исследования) Повысить эффективность выращивания вегетативно размножаемых подвоев яблони в маточнике и саженцев путем комплексной механизации процессов на основе универсального технического средства и технологических модулей с рациональными конструктивными параметрами и кинематическими характеристиками исполнительных рабочих органов. (Материалы и методы) Общую методику испытаний машин и рабочих органов дополнили частными методиками в соответствии с программой исследований. Изготовили экспериментальные образцы машин для весеннего открытия маточных растений, окучивания отрастающих побегов, ошмыгивания листьев, отделения отводков и обеспечили систему автоматической ориентации над рядом растений. Разработали комплекс технических средств для ухода за маточными растениями. (Результаты и обсуждение) Определили, что качественное выполнение весеннего открытия маточника в оптимальные сроки раскрытия побегов повышает его продуктивность на 7-10 процентов. Создали оптимальную среду для развития растений с помощью машины с активным рабочим органом на операции окучивания отрастающих побегов, что увеличивает выход стандартных отводков до 86,2-90,6 процента. Обеспечили качественное механизированное отделение отводков в улучшенных условиях среза, что позволяет повысить выход стандартных отводков на 5-7 процентов, а на следующий год они хорошо укоренились, что дало прибавку отводков первого сорта 8-10 процентов. (Выводы) Экономическая эффективность от применения универсального комплекса для работы в маточнике составляет от 514 тысяч до 664 тысяч рублей на один гектар. Применение высококлиренсных технических средств СУВЭС, ВП-1,5 и АП-1,5 со сменными технологическими модулями повышает уровень механизации в среднем на 30 процентов, сокращает затраты труда на 20 процентов, улучшает условия труда обслуживающего персонала

Хроническая обструктивная болезнь у больных туберкулезом легких

95.7% of sputum cultures from patients with tuberculosis combined with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) yield non-specific mircoorganisms. Among them 28.8% fall on highly pathogenic microorganisms and mostly Str.pneumoniae. 66.6% of the patients with lung tuberculosis and COPD have multiple drug resistance of the Mycobacteria tuberculosis to combinations of isoniazid, rifampicin and other anti-tuberculosis drugs. The patients with lung tuberculosis and COPD demonstrate a considerable reduction in FEV1 together with increase in pulmonary artery systolic pressure up to 34.1 ±3.0 mm Hg. The COPD patients bearing the Cw4 antigen and simultaneously not having the HLA-A2 antigen predispose to tuberculosis and are at risk for this disease.У больных туберкулезом в сочетании с хронической обструктивной болезнью легких и бронхитом выявляемость вторичной микрофлоры в мокроте достигает 95,7%, причем из них 28,8% составляют микроорганизмы высокого уровня патогенности, при этом наиболее часто определяется Str.Pneumoniae. У 66,6% больных туберкулезом с хронической обструктивной болезнью легких определяется множественная лекарственная устойчивость микобактерий туберкулеза к сочетанию изониазида, рифампицина и других противотуберкулезных препаратов. У больных туберкулезом с хронической обструктивной болезнью легких имеется выраженное снижение ОФВ1 сочетающееся с подъемом систолического давления в легочной артерии до 34,1 ±3,0 мм рт.ст. Больные хронической обструктивной болезнью легких, которые являются носителями антигена Cw4 и при отсутствии антигена HLA-A2, наиболее предрасположены к развитию туберкулеза и составляют группу риска по данному заболеванию

Innovative Technologies and Technical Means for Industrial Nursery Farming

Russian manufacturing companies do not produce high-clearance equipment for nursery farms growing fruit and berry planting material. In this respect, VIM and Michurinsk State Agrarian University have developed a system of high-clearance machines, taking into account the nursery area, thus providing for effi cient production. (Research purpose) Increasing the effi ciency of growing seedlings and apple rootstocks reproducing in a vegetative way in a mother plantation by means of complex mechanization based on universal technical equipment and technological modules with rational design parameters and kinematic characteristics of working units. (Materials and methods) General methodology for testing machines and working units was supplemented with specifi c methods used in accordance with the research program. The authors made experimental models of machines for spring opening of grafters, cultivating growing shoots, cleaning leaves, and separating branches; provided a system of automatic orientation over a number of plants; and developed a set of technical tools for the care of grafters. (Results and discussion) It has been determined that high-quality spring opening of a mother plantation with the observance of optimal timing for opening shoots increases the productivity of the mother plantation by 7-10 percent. Establishing an optimal environment for plant development using a machine with an active working unit for hilling growing shoots increases the output of standard layering up to 86.2-90.6 percent. Appropriate mechanized separation of layering in improved cutting conditions allowed to increase the yield of standard layering by 5-7 percent, and in the subsequent year there was an 8-10 percent increase in the yield of standard layering (of the fi rst grade) due to their better rooting. (Conclusions) The economic effi ciency of using a universal mechanized set of machinery in a mother plantation is from 514 thousand to 664 thousand rubles per one hectare. The use of high-level technical means of SUVES, VP-1.5 and AP-1.5 with replaceable technological modules increases the level of mechanization by an average of 30 percent, signifi cantly reduces labor costs – up to 20 percent, and improves working conditions for operating staff

Mechanism Analysis and Kinetic Modelling of Cu NPs Catalysed Glycerol Conversion into Lactic Acid

Mechanism analysis and kinetic modeling of glycerol conversion into lactic acid in the alkaline media with and without heterogeneous catalyst Cu NPs are reported. The reaction pathways were determined in agreement with the experimental results and comprise several types of reactions, namely dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, dehydration and C–C cleavage. Experimental concentration-time profiles were obtained in a slurry batch reactor at different glycerol, NaOH and Cu NPs concentrations in a temperature range of 483–518 K. Power law, Langmuir–Hinshelwood (LH) and Eley–Rideal (ER) models were chosen to fit the experimental data. The proposed reaction pathways and obtained kinetic model adequately describe the experimental data. The reaction over Cu NPs catalyst in the presence of NaOH proceeds with a significantly lower activation barrier (Ea = 81.4 kJ∙mol−1) compared with the only homogeneous catalytic conversion (Ea = 104.0 kJ∙mol−1). The activation energy for glycerol hydrogenolysis into 1,2-propanediol on the catalyst surface without adding hydrogen is estimated of 102.0 kJ∙mol−1. The model parameters obtained in this study would be used to scale an industrial unit in a reactor modeling

Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol to Lactic Acid Over Cu-Based Catalysts

Copper (I, II) oxide powders were tested for glycerol conversion to lactic acid under alkaline conditions. Fresh and spent catalysts were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, the BET-nitrogen adsorption method and FTIR spectroscopy. In all cases, an almost complete in situ reduction of Cu (I, II) oxides into metallic Cu was observed, even after one catalytic run. Moreover, all the samples of spent catalysts showed similar catalytic activity regardless of their initial form and particle size. Commercial copper powders, prepared copper powders and in situ reduced copper catalysts were tested under the same conditions to compare their catalytic activity. It was shown that the in situ reduced copper catalyst had similar activity to the specially prepared copper powders and much higher activity compared to the commercial copper powders. The in situ reduced copper catalyst exhibited rather high stability. The glycerol conversion and lactic acid selectivity were about 98% and 70%, respectively, after ten catalytic cycles