Tsar and his people: power and society in Moscow state during the second half of the 16th century

The article raises the issue about the nature of the relationship between the supreme power and society of the early Russian state. The authors of the article show that this unwritten contract, which was well understood by both parties, who participated in it, functioned well in Russia during the 16th - 17th centuries, and its existence refutes convincingly the Herberstein's passage, who failed to understand the Russian political realities of the early Modern Ag

Czar e seu povo: poder e sociedade no estado de Moscou durante a segunda metade do século XVI

The article raises the issue about the nature of the relationship between the supreme power and society of the early Russian state. The article proceeded from the well-known phrase of the imperial diplomat S. Herberstein, who wrote about the “slave essence” of Russians in the middle of the XVIth century. The authors of the article argue that this erroneous opinion was based on incorrect and wrongly interpreted official relations, which constituted one of the cornerstones of the Moscow political system and which was quite clear. Meanwhile, according to the authors, there was also a different, “internal” level of interrelations, based on unwritten “contract” between the supreme power and society, involving mutual obligations between the “contract” parties. The authors of the article show that this unwritten contract, which was well understood by both parties, who participated in it, functioned well in Russia during the 16th — 17th centuries, and its existence refutes convincingly the Herberstein's passage, who failed to understand the Russian political realities of the early Modern Age.El artículo plantea el problema sobre la naturaleza de la relación entre el poder supremo y la sociedad del estado ruso primitivo. El artículo procede de la conocida frase del diplomático imperial S. Herberstein, quien escribió sobre la "esencia de esclavo" de los rusos a mediados del siglo XVI. Los autores del artículo argumentan que esta opinión errónea se basaba en relaciones oficiales incorrectas e interpretadas erróneamente, que constituían una de las piedras angulares del sistema político de Moscú y que era bastante clara. Mientras tanto, según los autores, también hubo un nivel diferente, "interno" de interrelaciones, basado en el "contrato" no escrito entre el poder supremo y la sociedad, que involucra obligaciones mutuas entre las partes del "contrato". Los autores del artículo muestran que este contrato no escrito, que fue bien comprendido por ambas partes, que participaron en él, funcionó bien en Rusia durante los siglos XVI a XVII, y su existencia refuta convincentemente el pasaje de Herberstein, que no entendió el ruso. Realidades políticas de la temprana Edad Moderna.O artigo levanta a questão sobre a natureza da relação entre o poder supremo e a sociedade do estado russo primitivo. O artigo procede da conhecida frase do diplomata imperial S. Herberstein, que escreveu sobre a “essência escrava” dos russos em meados do século XVI. Os autores do artigo argumentam que essa opinião errônea foi baseada em relações oficiais incorretas e mal interpretadas, o que constituiu uma das pedras angulares do sistema político de Moscou e que ficou bastante claro. Enquanto isso, segundo os autores, havia também um nível de inter-relações “interno” diferente, baseado em “contrato” não escrito entre o poder supremo e a sociedade, envolvendo obrigações mútuas entre as partes “contratuais”. Os autores do artigo mostram que este contrato não escrito, que foi bem compreendido pelos dois partidos, que nele participaram, funcionou bem na Rússia durante os séculos XVI e XVII, e sua existência refuta convincentemente a passagem de Herberstein, que não conseguiu entender o russo. realidades políticas do início da Idade Moderna

Experience of Using Remdesivir in Patients with Novel Coronavirus Infection

Timely, effective, and safe antiviral therapy in COVID-19 patients reduces complications, disability and mortality rates. The greatest concern with remdesivir is the risk of drug-induced liver injury, including in patients whose liver function is compromised by COVID-19.The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of remdesivir in patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who had been admitted to an infectious diseases hospital in the Volgograd region in March 2022. Materials and methods: the authors carried out an open, non-randomised, single-arm study using medical records of 234 patients who had been diagnosed with “U07.1 COVID-19, virus identified” and prescribed remdesivir upon admission. The effectiveness of therapy was evaluated using two criteria: the need for oxygen supplementation or ventilatory support, or mortality. The authors conducted the evaluation on days 7, 14, and 28 using the six-point ordinal severity scale by Y. Wang et al. The safety of therapy was assessed on the basis of complaints and changes in laboratory findings.Results: for the patients prescribed remdesivir at admission, the 7-day mortality rate was 3.0%, the 14-day mortality rate was 5.6%, and the 28-day mortality rate was 7.3%. With the exception of a patient with myocardial infarction, all the patients who had been hospitalised with mild COVID-19 and prescribed remdesivir did not require oxygen therapy and/or transfer to intensive care and were discharged following recovery. The patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 had the 14-day mortality rate of 6.4% and the 28-day mortality rate of 8.6%. 17 patients (7.2%) discontinued remdesivir prematurely for various reasons, including adverse drug reactions. Remdesivir therapy of 5-10 days was associated with an increase in ALT activity by 2.7 ± 0.8 times in 15.9% of patients with mild COVID-19, by 3.8 ± 1.8 times in 20.4% of patients with moderately severe COVID-19, and by 4.8 ± 2.7 times in 24% (12/50) of patients with severe COVID-19. In two patients (0.9%), the increase exceeded 10-fold the upper limit of normal.Conclusions: the obtained results support recommending remdesivir to patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19, including those with moderately elevated baseline activity of hepatic transaminases

Distribution of dirofilariasis in Omsk region

Background. Recently, in the Russian Federation, there has been a tendency to an increase in the number of registered cases of dirofilariasis among residents living in a temperate climate zone, including in Western Siberia. The species Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis are of clinical importance for humans. Dirofilariae are characterized by migration into the subcutaneous tissue, mucous membranes, organs of vision, internal organs. In the Omsk region, there is an increase in cases of dirofilariasis, including among children.The aim. To assess endemicity of the territory of the Omsk region in relation to pathogens of dirofilariasis.Materials and methods. The maps of the epidemiological survey of persons infected with dirofilariae for the period 2013–2020 were analyzed, parasitological and molecular biological methods examined 1155 blood samples of dogs, 2488 samples female blood-sucking mosquitoes, 26 samples of dirofilaria helminths removed from residents of the Omsk region.Results. In 18 people, the infection was regarded as local, since the infected persons had not left the Omsk region for the previous three years. Local infections are reported annually. Infection of the final owners – dogs – with dirofilaria ranges from 0.6 to 4.8 % in different years. On average, the extensiveness of the invasion was 3.0 ± 0.6 %; and the intensity of microfilaremia was 1277.68 ± 395.87 specimens/ml of blood. On the territory of Omsk and the Omsk region, 11 species of mosquitoes belonging to the genus Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Culex, Anopheles, Coquillettidia were identified. The estimated individual infection of mosquitoes of different species ranged from 0.6 % (O. flavescens) to 9.8 % (An. messeae). The total infection of vectors was 3.4 %. All positive samples were found to contain DNA of D. repens.Conclusion. The territory of the Omsk region is endemic for pathogens of dirofilariasis, in particular, D. repens. Further studies are needed to study the prevalence and species diversity of pathogens of dirofilariasis in Western Siberia, to identify the most dangerous from an epidemiological point of view, species of vectors

Состояние новорожденных после конверсии эпидуральной анальгезии в анестезию при кесаревом сечении: проспективное рандомизированное исследование

АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ: При проведении эпидуральной анальгезии (ЭА) в родах в случае необходимости оперативного родоразрешения встает вопрос о выборе дальнейшей тактики регионарной анестезии. В статье рассмотрены особенности влияния местных анестетиков на состояние новорожденного при проведении конверсии ЭА в анестезию при необходимости выполнения операции кесарева сечения в зависимости от используемого местного анестетика. ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ: Оценить состояние новорожденного при проведении конверсии ЭА в родах через естественные родовые пути в анестезию при кесаревом сечении в зависимости от применяемого местного анестетика. МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ: Проведено проспективное рандомизированное исследование 143 детей, рожденных от матерей, которым проводили конверсию ЭА в анестезию для оперативного родоразрешения методом кесарева сечения. В зависимости от используемого местного анестетика пациенток распределили на три группы, в 1-й группе в эпидуральное пространство вводили 20,0 мл 2 % раствора лидокаина в комбинации с 0,1 мг эпинефрина, во 2-й группе — 20,0 мл 0,5 % раствора бупивакаина, в 3-й — 20,0 мл 0,75 % раствора ропивакаина. Оценку состояния новорожденных проводили по шкале Апгар на 1-й и 5-й минутах жизни и по шкале NACS в первые 15 мин, через 2, 24 и 72 ч после рождения. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: Оценка новорожденных по шкале Апгар независимо от применяемого местного анестетика при эпидуральной анестезии на 1-й и 5-й минутах соответствовала 7 баллам и более (р > 0,05). Психоневрологическое состояние новорожденных при оценке по шкале NACS статистически значимо не различалось во всех группах и на всех этапах исследования. Внутри каждой группы между этапами исследования средние значения оценок по NACS статистически значимо увеличивались по сравнению с предыдущим. ВЫВОДЫ: Конверсия ЭА в родах через естественные родовые пути в анестезию при кесаревом сечении безопасна для плода и новорожденного при использовании 20,0 мл 2 % раствора лидокаина в комбинации с 0,1 мг эпинефрина или 20,0 мл 0,5 % раствора бупивакаина либо 0,75 % раствора ропивакаина в объеме 20,0 мл

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: the Role in Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Aim. To estimate the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) administration in atrial fibrillation (AF) prevention after planned coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.Material and Methods. Studied were 306 patients divided into two groups: patients of group I didn’t receive PUFAs (158 patients, 82.7% males) and patients of group II received PUFAs (148 patients, 89.3% males). PUFAs were prescribed in daily dose 2000 mg 5 days before surgery and in daily dose 1000 mg in postoperative period during 21 days.Results. Postoperative AF (POAF) occurred in 29.7% patients in group I and in 16.9% patients in group II (р=0.009). We found that after CABG in patients of the I group median IL-6 level was 39.3% higher (p=0.001), interleukin-10 – 20.2% higher (p=0.01), superoxide dismutase – 78.9% higher (р<0.001), malondialdehyde – 33.8% higher (p=0.03), docosahexaenoic acid – 31.8% lower (p=0.01) and omega-3 index – 43.4%    lower (p=0.04) than in patients of the II group.According to multivariate regression analysis we found significant association between the factors of inflammation, oxidative stress and the risk POAF development.Conclusions. In patients who took PUFAs, we found less activation of inflammation, oxidative stress, the increasing of docosahexaenoic acid and omega-3 index accompanied by the decreasing of POAF development rates up to 12.8%

MICROSCOPIC DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF WHOLE, MILLED AND POWDERED PLANT MATERIAL “RHIZOMES OF COMMON TURMERIC”

Aim - the determination of microscopic diagnostic features of rhizomes of common turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), ginger family (Zingiberaceae). Materials and methods. We have studied whole, milled and powdered plant material of turmeric from different manufactures. The study was carried out with the use of the digital microscopes “Motic DM111” (Korea) and “Motic DM-39C-N9GO-A” (Korea). Results. It was determined that the microscopic diagnostic features of rhizomes of turmeric include the presence of cells with sinuous walls and structured content in the form of colored folding in the parenchyma; closed collateral vascular bundles lie scattered in the parenchyma, their conductive elements have narrow lumen. Vascular bundles contain pigment cells considerably smaller in comparison with the size of vessels. Pigment cells with drops of orange-red essential oil are also found in the parenchyma. In milled and powdered plant material, the fragments of all these elements are observed. In the fragments of powdered rhizomes of turmeric, numerous cells with yellow content are found; the parenchyma cells have less expressed folded structure. Fragments of vessels are found both in milled and powdered material. Conclusion. The results of this study were included in the section “Microscopy” of the project of pharmacopoeial monograph “Curcuma longa L. rhizomes”

Antibiotic Dosing in Chronic Kidney Disease

Infectious process is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease. Prescription of antibacterial drugs should take into account the pharmacokinetic parameters of the medicine and the individual characteristics of the patient. Adequate antibiotic dosing is crucial for positive treatment outcome and minimisation of side effects. The aim of the study was to analyse scientific literature on factors affecting the dosing of antibacterials in patients with chronic kidney disease. Since most antibacterial medicines are eliminated by the kidneys, a decrease in glomerular filtration rate or kidney function should be followed by the dose adjustment in order to prevent the medicine accumulation and reduce the risk of side effects. Antibiotic dosing in such patients should be accompanied by kidney function assessment and be adjusted to ensure effective and safe treatment, as well as prevention of bacterial resistance. The review provides data on the dosing of some antibiotic groups (beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones) at different creatinine clearance rates. Extrarenal excretion of medicines does not usually require the dose adjustment in patients with chronic kidney disease

Epidemiological and Epizootiological Situation on Anthrax in 2017, Forecast for 2018

The situation on anthrax in the Russian Federation is characterized as unstable. This is due to a large number of soil foci, incomplete registration and coverage of farm animals that undergo vaccination against anthrax, reduction in the scope of the planned specific immunization of contingents under occupational risk of infection in a number of the country’s regions. Cases of anthrax among animals and humans were not registered in the Russian Federation in 2017. Adverse situation on anthrax was reported in 4 neighboring countries. High incidence rates of antrax in animals and humans was noted in African and Asian countries. Infection of people occurred as a result of contact with sick and dead animals in the process of slaughter and cutting carcasses, eating contaminated meat. Anthrax morbidity rates of animals and humans in the Russian Federation in 2018 will be determined by the extent to which complex of preventive measures is completed; and if implemented to the maximum scale, will be limited to single cases