Theory of wind accretion

A review of wind accretion in high-mass X-ray binaries is presented. We focus attention to different regimes of quasi-spherical accretion onto the neutron star: the supersonic (Bondi) accretion, which takes place when the captured matter cools down rapidly and falls supersonically toward NS magnetospghere, and subsonic (settling) accretion which occurs when plasma remains hot until it meets the magnetospheric boundary. Two regimes of accretion are separated by an X-ray luminosity of about $4\times10^{36}$ erg/s. In the subsonic case, which sets in at low luminosities, a hot quasi-spherical shell must be formed around the magnetosphere, and the actual accretion rate onto NS is determined by ability of the plasma to enter the magnetosphere due to Rayleigh-Taylor instability. We calculate the rate of plasma entry the magnetopshere and the angular momentum transfer in the shell due to turbulent viscosity appearing in the convective differentially rotating shell. We also discuss and calculate the structure of the magnetospheric boundary layer where the angular momentum between the rotating magnetosphere and the base of the differentially rotating quasi-spherical shell takes place. We show how observations of equilibrium X-ray pulsars Vela X-1 and GX 301-2 can be used to estimate dimensionless parameters of the subsonic settling accretion theory, and obtain the width of the magnetospheric boundary layer for these pulsars.Comment: LaTeX, 10 pages, 5 figures; submitted to Proc. of Int. Conf. "Physics at the Magnetspheric Boundary", Geneva, Switzerland, 25-28 June, 201

Electrophysical characteristics of water of the rivers of Siberia and Altai

The results of measurements of the complex permittivity at the range of 100 MHz - 40 GHz and the conductivity of the water out of the reservoirs of Tomsk and Kemerovo regions and the Altai Territory are presented in the article. The method of the open-end-coaxial was applied. The conductivity was measured with LCR-meter at a frequency of 100 kHz. All the measurements were performed at temperatures of 10°C and 23°C. The samples are varied significantly in the values of conductivity, which is related to the geographical sampling place. Differences in permittivity values are greater at the low temperature and low frequencies and at the same time they are also significant at the high temperature and at high frequencies. The results of this study in order to improve the reliability of the analysis of the pollution degree and water salt content of natural water reservoirs should be taken into account the measurement made at wide frequency range. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only

The features of reproductive health in women with multiple sclerosis

Introduction. The incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is two times higher in women, and the debut of the disease falls on young reproductive age, which makes the problem urgent. Purpose: to assess the characteristics of the reproductive health of women with MS in different age periods. Material and methods. A prospective study was carried out in parallel groups and a case-control study of women of early and late reproductive age with a reliable diagnosis of MS. Results. During pregnancy, there was a significant decrease in the frequency of exacerbations of MS in comparison with the pre-gravity period; voluntary infertility and childlessness is registered in 21.3 % and 32 % of women, respectively. An increase in the concentration of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) means an increase in the degree of disability on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the duration of the disease. The decrease in the concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) corresponds to a higher degree of disability on the EDSS scale and the duration of the disease. Conclusion. Pregnancy has a protective effect on the clinical course of MS. Infertility in most cases is voluntary, but at the same time hypergonadotropic condition and hypoandrogenia are observed in women with MS already in the early reproductive age, which interferes with the steroid synthetic function of the ovaries and can cause impaired fertility

Wind accretion: Theory and observations

A review of wind accretion in high-mass X-ray binaries is presented. We focus on different regimes of quasi-spherical accretion onto the neutron star (NS): the supersonic (Bondi) accretion, which takes place when the captured matter cools down rapidly and falls supersonically towards the NS magnetosphere, and subsonic (settling) accretion which occurs when plasma remains hot until it meets the magnetospheric boundary. These two regimes of accretion are separated by an X-ray luminosity of about 4 × 1036 erg s-1. In the subsonic case, which sets in at lower luminosities, a hot quasi-spherical shell must form around the magnetosphere, and the actual accretion rate onto NS is determined by the ability of the plasma to enter the magnetosphere due to Rayleigh-Taylor instability. In turn, two regimes of subsonic accretion are possible, depending on plasma cooling mechanism (Compton or radiative) near the magnetopshere. The transition from the high-luminosity with Compton cooling to the lowluminosity (Lx ≲ 3 × 1035 erg s-1) with radiative cooling can be responsible for the onset of the off states repeatedly observed in several low-luminosity slowly accreting pulsars, such as Vela X-1, GX 301-2, and 4U 1907+09. The triggering of the transitionmay be due to a switch in the X-ray beam pattern in response to a change in the optical depth in the accretion column with changing luminosity. We also show that in the settling accretion theory, bright X-ray flares (~1038-1040 erg) observed in supergiant fast X-ray transients (SFXT) can be produced by sporadic capture of magnetized stellar wind plasma. At sufficiently low accretion rates, magnetic reconnection can enhance the magnetospheric plasma entry rate, resulting in copious production of X-ray photons, strong Compton cooling and ultimately in unstable accretion of the entire shell. A bright flare develops on the free-fall time scale in the shell, and the typical energy released in an SFXT bright flare corresponds to the mass of the shell

Состояние адипокиновой регуляции и эндотелиальной дисфункции у пациентов с хронической обструктивной болезнью легких c различной минеральной плотностью костной ткани

The objective of this study was to investigate serum levels of leptin, adiponectin and endothelin1 and to search their role in development of osteoporosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.Methods. Lung function, body mass index (BMI), bone mineral density (BMD)of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, and serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and endothelin1 were measured in 126 patients with COPD diagnosed according to GOLD and in 86 healthy subjects.Results. Among COPD patients, 43% had osteoporosis, 34% had osteopenia and 23% had normal BMD. Osteopenia was diagnosed in 35% of controls. The mean BMD value in stage 2 COPD patients corresponded to osteope nia; in stage 3 and IV COPD patients corresponded to osteoporosis. Generally, BMD correlated with FEV1 (r = 0.38, p < 0.05 for the lumbar spine; r = 0.43, p < 0.05 for the femoral neck) and with pCO2 (r = –0.46, p < 0.05 and r = –0.39, p < 0.05, respectively) in COPD patients. No significant difference was found for leptin and adiponectin concentrations between stages 1 and 2 COPD patients and controls. Leptin level decreased and adiponectin level increased in stages 3 and 4 COPD patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). There was a direct relationship between BMI and leptin (r = 0.64; p < 0.001) and an inverse relationship between BMI and adiponectin (r = –0.51; p < 0.01). FEV1 and DLCO were related to leptin only (p < 0.001). Leptin was directly related to the femoral neck and the lumbar spine BMDs (r = 0.66, p < 0.001 and r = 0.49, p < 0.05, respectively), while adiponectin was inversely related to BMD (r = –0.43, p <0.05 for the femoral neck; r = –0.49, p <0.001 for the lumbar spine). We found inverse relationships between endothelin1 and the lumbar spine BMD (r = –0.51, p <0.01), leptin (r = –0.46, p < 0.05), FEV1 (r = –0.43, p < 0.05) and PO2 (r = –0.54, p < 0.05) and direct relationships between endothelin1 and pCO2 (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and adiponectin (r = 0.51, p < 0.05). A relationship between endothelin1 and adipokines was found only in osteoporotic COPD patients.Conclusion. Our results suggest that serum adipokines and endothelin1 are involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory failure and bone density loss in COPD patients. The most pronounced changes in concentration of these biomarkers and close relationships between them and BMD were observed in patients with osteoporosis.Целью исследования явилось изучение содержания лептина, адипонектина и эндотелина1 (ЭТ1) в сыворотке крови и определение их роли в формировании остеопороза (ОП) при хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ).Материалы и методы. Легочная функция, индекс массы тела (ИМТ), минеральная плотность костной ткани (МПКТ) в поясничном отделе позвоночника и шейке бедра, уровни лептина, адипонектина и ЭТ1 определялись у пациентов с ХОБЛ (n = 126) в зависимости от стадии по GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease – Глобальная стратегия диагностики, лечения и профилактики ХОБЛ) и здоровых (n = 86).Результаты и обсуждение. ОП при ХОБЛ установлен у 43 % обследуемых, остеопения – у 34 %, у 23 % больных показатели были в норме. Остеопенический синдром выявлен у 35 % лиц группы контроля. Средние значения МПКТ в позвоночнике и шейке бедра в общей группе ХОБЛ при II стадии (GOLD) соответствовали остеопении, при ХОБЛ III и IV стадии (GOLD) – ОП. Обнаружена зависимость между МПКТ и объемом форсированного выдоха за 1ю секунду (ОФВ1) (позвоночник: r = 0,38; p < 0,05; шейка бедра: r = 0,43; p < 0,05) и рСО2 (позвоночник: r = –0,46; p < 0,05; шейка бедра: r = –0,39; p < 0,05) в общей группе ХОБЛ. Содержание лептина и адипонектина при ХОБЛ I и II стадии (GOLD) не отличалось от контроля. При ХОБЛ III и IV стадии (GOLD) уровень лептина снижался, а адипонектина – повышался по отношению к контролю (p < 0,05). Выявлены прямая связь между ИМТ и уровнем лептина (r = 0,64; p < 0,001) и отрицательная корреляция с уровнем адипонектина (r = –0,51; p < 0,01). Связь между показателями ОФВ1 и диффузионной способности легких определены только с лептином (p < 0,001). Показатель уровня лептина прямо коррелирует с МПКТ в шейке бедра и позвоночнике (r = 0,66; p < 0,001; r = 0,49; p < 0,05 соответственно), тогда как уровень адипонектина имеет негативную связь (шейка бедра: r = –0,43; p < 0,05; позвоночник: r = –0,49; p < 0,001). Установлена обратная корреляционная связь между содержанием ЭТ1 и МПКТ в позвоночнике (r = –0,51; p < 0,01) и лептином (r = –0,46; p < 0,05) с ОФВ1 (r = –0,43, p < 0,05) и pО2 (r = –0,54, p < 0,05), прямая зависимость – с pСО2 (r = 0,68; p < 0,001) и адипонектином (r = 0,51; p < 0,05). Взаимосвязи ЭТ1 с адипокинами установлены только у больных ХОБЛ с ОП.Заключение. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют об участии адипокинов и ЭТ1 в патогенезе дыхательной недостаточности и потере плотности кости при ХОБЛ. Наиболее выраженный характер изменений и тесные корреляционные связи данных показателей с МПКТ отмечены у пациентов с ОП

Исследование содержания метаболитов оксида азота, α1-кислого гликопротеииа и его гликоформ в конденсатах выдыхаемого воздуха больных бронхиальной астмой

The aim of this study was to evaluate nitric oxide (NO) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) with its glycoforms as biochemical markers of inflammatory activity in the airways of bronchial asthma (BA) patients. We examined expired breath condensate (EBC ) samples of 132 patients with severe (32) and moderate (30) BA and 30 healthy non-smoking volunteers using spectrophotometry to study NO metabolites and immunoassay to study AGP. The EBC NO metabolites levels were found to increase significantly in BA exacerbation depending on its severity. In stable BA patients the NO metabolites levels decreased but they were higher in severe and moderate BA than in healthy volunteers. The highest AGP concentration was measured in BA exacerbation with the maximal values in severe disease. In stable BA the AGP level decreased in all BA groups but it remained higher than in healthy volunteers. The qualitative structure of AGP changed during the BA exacerbation, especially in severe cases. So, according to our results the NO metabolites, AGP and its glycoforms reflect the airway inflammatory activity and can be applied to control the disease.С целью оценки возможности использования метаболитов оксида азота (N0), белка острой фазы α-кислого гликопротеина (АКГ) и его гликоформ в качестве биохимических маркеров для определения активности воспаления при бронхиальной астме (БА) были обследованы конденсаты выдыхаемого воздуха (КВВ) 132 больных с разной степенью тяжести заболевания в стадии обострения и ремиссии при использовании различных лечебных программ. Наши исследования показали, что уровень метаболитов N0 в КВВ больных БА значительно возрастает в период обострения параллельно тяжести приступа. В ремиссию БА содержание метаболитов N0 в КВВ снижается, но остается повышенным при тяжелом и среднетяжелом течении астмы с наиболее высокой концентрацией при отсутствии регулярного применения базисной противовоспалительной терапии. Содержание АКГ в КВВ повышается при обострении БА, снижается в период ремиссии, но остается выше, чем у здоровых, при тяжелом и среднетяжелом течении астмы. Установлено, что при обострении БА меняется качественный состав АКГ с повышением содержания всех его гликоформ. Таким образом, определение метаболитов N0, АКГ и его гликоформ в КВВ пациентов с БА является чувствительным методом диагностики степени тяжести и фазы заболевания, широкое внедрение которого в клиническую практику позволит максимально оптимизировать программы лечения

A Case of Medullary Carcinoma of the Jejunum Combined with the Intestinal Lymphangiectasia Accompanied by the Malabsorption Syndrome

Aim: to present a clinical and morphological observation of an extremely rare combination of medullary carcinoma of the jejunum and intestinal lymphangiectasia in a 33-year-old patient with clinical features of malabsorption syndrome over the 10 years.Key points. An autopsy revealed a tumor formation spreading from the wall of the jejunum to the mesentery, with metastases to the mesenteric lymph nodes. The medullary carcinoma with positive expression of СD117, DOG1, EMA, PanCK, PDL-1, vimentin, mosaic non-intense expression of CA19-9, calretinin, CD10, CDX2, CEA, MUC-5AC, SATB2, and negative reaction to ALK, CD3, CD8, CD20, CD30, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD56, chromogranin, CK7, CK20, desmin. The proliferative index was high: Ki-67 > 80 %. Moreover, during the histological examination of the intestinal wall, intestinal lymphangiectasia complicated by the malabsorption syndrome was revealed.Conclusion. The uniqueness of this clinical and morphological case is in the combination of medullary carcinoma of the jejunum metastasized to the mesenteric lymph nodes with the underlying intestinal lymphangiectasia accompanied by the development of malabsorption syndrome

p53 Target Gene SMAR1 Is Dysregulated in Breast Cancer: Its Role in Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion

Tumor suppressor SMAR1 interacts and stabilizes p53 through phosphorylation at its serine-15 residue. We show that SMAR1 transcription is regulated by p53 through its response element present in the SMAR1 promoter. Upon Doxorubicin induced DNA damage, acetylated p53 is recruited on SMAR1 promoter that allows activation of its transcription. Once SMAR1 is induced, cell cycle arrest is observed that is correlated to increased phospho-ser-15-p53 and decreased p53 acetylation. Further we demonstrate that SMAR1 expression is drastically reduced during advancement of human breast cancer. This was correlated with defective p53 expression in breast cancer where acetylated p53 is sequestered into the heterochromatin region and become inaccessible to activate SMAR1 promoter. In a recent report we have shown that SMAR1 represses Cyclin D1 transcription through recruitment of HDAC1 dependent repressor complex at the MAR site of Cyclin D1 promoter. Here we show that downmodulation of SMAR1 in high grade breast carcinoma is correlated with upregulated Cyclin D1 expression. We also established that SMAR1 inhibits tumor cell migration and metastases through inhibition of TGFβ signaling and its downstream target genes including cutl1 and various focal adhesion molecules. Thus, we report that SMAR1 plays a central role in coordinating p53 and TGFβ pathways in human breast cancer