The Stephenson - Kapitsa pendulum: Area of the Attraction of the Upper Positions of the Balance

Here we consider the behavior of a pendulum with a vibrating axis of suspension which differs from the classical one by the presence of an additional degree of freedom: the pendulum contains some mass, fixed on a spring, which can be displaced with respect to the main mass in two mutually perpendicular directions. Experimental investigations have been performed to determine the stable equilibrium positions of the pendulum. The results of the experiment were in good agreement with those of the numerical solution of the complete equations of motions of the system. Both of them were in good agreement with the rough analytical solution, obtained before by I.I. Blekhman and L. Sperling. It has been confirmed that the presence of the inner degree of freedom of the additional mass in the “radial” direction results in an essential widening of the range of attraction of the upper vertical quasi-equilibrium position of the pendulum

Применение гибридных накопителей электроэнергии для выравнивания графика нагрузки предприятий

In this article, the authors consider the possibility of using a hybrid energy storage system to even out the load profile of the enterprise. Solving the problem of rational use of energy storage taking into account the initial variable load schedule will significantly reduce not only the cost of electricity consumption by the enterprise, but also the costs of its production. Detailed characteristics of batteries with various types of electrolytes and supercapacitors are given. A model of the active scheme of a hybrid electric energy storage system consisting of a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor unit with the corresponding characteristics is presented. The model was carried out by using the SimPowerSystems software in MatLab. During the simulation, the temperature and the aging effects and of the batteries were not taken into account. The selfdischarge parameter of the battery was also not presented. As a result of the simulation, discharge characteristics of supercapacitors and batteries were obtained based upon which the expediency of their combined use for leveling load profiles of various types was substantiated. The paper presents the results of the simulation of operating modes of a hybrid energy storage device, combining the advantages of two types of energy storage devices, as well as a diagram of delivered power to the network, corresponding to the specified parameters. The paper provides a mathematical description of the increasing power by hybrid storage system resulting from the combined use of supercapacitors and batteries. The paper presents the dependence of the power increase ratio on the frequency and the pulse current duty ratio, which proves that the maximum possible output power of the hybrid storage system can be several times greater than the power of a single battery having the same parameters

Observations over Hurricanes from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument

There is an apparent inconsistency between the total column ozone derived from the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) and aircraft observations within the eye region of tropical cyclones. The higher spectral resolution, coverage, and sampling of the ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) on NASA s Aura satellite as compared with TOMS allows for improved ozone retrievals by including estimates of cloud pressure derived simultaneously using the effects of rotational Raman scattering. The retrieved cloud pressures from OM1 are more appropriate than the climatological cloud-top pressures based on infrared measurements used in the TOMS and initial OM1 algorithms. We find that total ozone within the eye of hurricane Katrina is significantly overestimated when we use climatological cloud pressures. Using OMI-retrieved cloud pressures, total ozone in the eye is similar to that in the surrounding area. The corrected total ozone is in better agreement with aircraft measurements that imply relatively small or negligible amounts of stratospheric intrusion into the eye region of tropical cyclones

Top-of-the-Atmosphere Shortwave Flux Estimation from UV Observations: An Empirical Approach

Measurements of top of the atmosphere (TOA) radiation are essential to the understanding of Earth's climate. Clouds, aerosols, and ozone (0,) are among the most important agents impacting the Earth's short-wave (SW) radiation budget. There are several sensors in orbit that provide independent information related to the Earth's SW radiation budget. Having coincident information from these sensors is important for understanding their potential contributions. The A-train constellation of satellites provides a unique opportunity to analyze near-simultaneous data from several of these sensors. They include the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), on the NASA Aura satellite, that makes TOA hyper-spectral measurements from ultraviolet (UV) to visible wavelengths, and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument, on the NASA Aqua satellite, that makes broadband measurements in both the long- and short-wave. OMI measurements have been successfully utilized to derive the information on trace gases (e.g., 0 1, NO" and SO,), clouds, and absorbing aerosols. TOA SW fluxes are estimated using a combination of data from CERES and the Aqua MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). In this paper, OMI retrievals of cloud/aerosol parameters and 0 1 have been collocated with CERES TOA SW flux retrievals. We use this collocated data to develop a neural network that estimates TOA shortwave flux globally over ocean using data from OMI and meteorological analyses. This input data include the effective cloud fraction, cloud optical centroid pressure (OCP), total-column 0" and sun-satellite viewing geometry from OMI as well as wind speed and water vapor from the Goddard Earth Observing System 5 Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (GEOS-5 MERRA) along with a climatology of chlorophyll content. We train the neural network using a subset of CERES retrievals of TOA SW flux as the target output (truth) and withhold a different subset of the CERES data to be used for validation

Detection of Multi-Layer and Vertically-Extended Clouds Using A-Train Sensors

The detection of mUltiple cloud layers using satellite observations is important for retrieval algorithms as well as climate applications. In this paper, we describe a relatively simple algorithm to detect multiple cloud layers and distinguish them from vertically-extended clouds. The algorithm can be applied to coincident passive sensors that derive both cloud-top pressure from the thermal infrared observations and an estimate of solar photon pathlength from UV, visible, or near-IR measurements. Here, we use data from the A-train afternoon constellation of satellites: cloud-top pressure, cloud optical thickness, the multi-layer flag from the Aqua MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the optical centroid cloud pressure from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). For the first time, we use data from the CloudSat radar to evaluate the results of a multi-layer cloud detection scheme. The cloud classification algorithms applied with different passive sensor configurations compare well with each other as well as with data from CloudSat. We compute monthly mean fractions of pixels containing multi-layer and vertically-extended clouds for January and July 2007 at the OMI spatial resolution (l2kmx24km at nadir) and at the 5kmx5km MODIS resolution used for infrared cloud retrievals. There are seasonal variations in the spatial distribution of the different cloud types. The fraction of cloudy pixels containing distinct multi-layer cloud is a strong function of the pixel size. Globally averaged, these fractions are approximately 20% and 10% for OMI and MODIS, respectively. These fractions may be significantly higher or lower depending upon location. There is a much smaller resolution dependence for fractions of pixels containing vertically-extended clouds (approx.20% for OMI and slightly less for MODIS globally), suggesting larger spatial scales for these clouds. We also find higher fractions of vertically-extended clouds over land as compared with ocean, particularly in the tropics and summer hemisphere

Применение гибридных накопителей электроэнергии для выравнивания графика нагрузки предприятий

In this article, the authors consider the possibility of using a hybrid energy storage system to even out the load profile of the enterprise. Solving the problem of rational use of energy storage taking into account the initial variable load schedule will significantly reduce not only the cost of electricity consumption by the enterprise, but also the costs of its production. Detailed characteristics  of  batteries  with  various  types  of  electrolytes  and  supercapacitors  are  given. A model of the active scheme of a hybrid electric energy storage system consisting of a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor unit with the corresponding characteristics is presented. The model was carried out by using the SimPowerSystems software in MatLab. During the simulation, the temperature and the aging effects and of the batteries were not taken into account. The selfdischarge parameter of the battery was also not presented. As a result of the simulation, discharge characteristics of supercapacitors and batteries were obtained based upon which the expediency of their combined use for leveling load profiles of various types was substantiated. The paper presents the results of the simulation of operating modes of a hybrid energy storage device, combining the advantages of two types of energy storage devices, as well as a diagram of delivered power to the network, corresponding to the specified parameters. The paper provides a mathematical description of the increasing power by hybrid storage system resulting from the combined use of supercapacitors and batteries. The paper presents the dependence of the power increase ratio on the frequency and the pulse current duty ratio, which proves that the maximum possible output power of the hybrid storage system can be several times greater than the power of a single battery having the same parameters.В статье рассматривается возможность применения гибридного накопителя электроэнергии для выравнивания графика нагрузки предприятия. Решение задачи рационального использования накопителей энергии с учетом исходного переменного графика нагрузки позволит существенно снизить не только затраты на потребление электроэнергии предприятием, но и  затраты  при  ее  производстве.  Приводятся  подробные  характеристики аккумуляторных батарей с различными типами электролитов и суперконденсаторов. Представлена модель активной схемы гибридного накопителя электроэнергии, состоящего из литий-ионной батареи и блока суперконденсаторов с соответствующими характеристиками.  Модель  разработана  с  помощью  пакета  прикладных  программ  SimPowerSystems в MatLab. При моделировании не учитывались температурный эффект и эффект старения аккумуляторных батарей, а также параметры относительно саморазряда аккумуляторной батареи. В результате моделирования получены характеристики разряда блоков суперконденсаторов и аккумуляторных батарей, на основании которых выявлена целесообразность их совместного использования для выравнивания графиков нагрузки различных типов. Представлены результаты моделирования режимов работы гибридного накопителя энергии, совмещающего достоинства двух типов накопителей энергии, а также получен график отдаваемой в сеть мощности, соответствующий заданным параметрам. Приведено математическое описание процесса увеличения мощности гибридного накопителя в результате совместного использования блоков суперконденсаторов и аккумуляторных батарей. Построен график зависимости коэффициента увеличения мощности от частоты и величины коэффициента заполнения импульсного тока, который показывает, что максимально возможная выходная мощность гибридной накопительной системы может быть в разы больше мощности одиночной батареи с такими же параметрами

Accurate satellite-derived estimates of the tropospheric ozone impact on the global radiation budget

Estimates of the radiative forcing due to anthropogenically-produced tropospheric O3 are derived primarily from models. Here, we use tropospheric ozone and cloud data from several instruments in the A-train constellation of satellites as well as information from the GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System to accurately estimate the radiative effect of tropospheric O3 for January and July 2005. Since we cannot distinguish between natural and anthropogenic sources with the satellite data, our derived radiative effect reflects the unadjusted (instantaneous) effect of the total tropospheric O3 rather than the anthropogenic component. We improve upon previous estimates of tropospheric ozone mixing ratios from a residual approach using the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) by incorporating cloud pressure information from OMI. We focus specifically on the magnitude and spatial structure of the cloud effect on both the short- and long-wave radiative budget. The estimates presented here can be used to evaluate the various aspects of model-generated radiative forcing. For example, our derived cloud impact is to reduce the radiative effect of tropospheric ozone by ~16%. This is centered within the published range of model-produced cloud effect on unadjusted ozone radiative forcing

STRESS STATE STUDY FOR PARTS OF ALUMINIUM-MAGNESIUM AND ALUMINIUM WROUGHT ALLOYS AT ROTARY SPINNING

The paper deals with the problems of rotary spinning of pipe or sheet workpieces made of aluminium-magnesium and aluminium wrought alloys. The need to control depth distribution of internal stresses in the workpiece surface layer in the rotary spinning process is determined. An Al-Mg5 aluminum alloy part is researched, which is obtained after 3 - stage rotary spinning. By the use of non-destructive resistance electric contact method, measurements and analysis of the stressed state for the workpieces after each stage of rotary spinning are made. According to the experiment planning theory, research of the influence of processing and thermal treatment modes on the levels of residual stresses σ in the workpieces material is conducted. The value of the residual stresses is assumed as an optimization parameter, and the technological modes of spinning and the modes of the thermal treatment applied between the rotary spinning stages - as factors of the process. Statistical estimation is made, which makes it possible to obtain an adequate mathematical model (estimated by the Fisher’s criterion) describing the relation between the optimization parameter and the optimization factors. Technological processing modes with the lowest level of residual stresses in the surface layer of the researched samples and the optimal depth distribution of residual stresses in the workpiece surface layer are obtained. Developed method is applicable in all operating conditions for parts manufacturing of different geometry and different materials

Version 2 Ozone Monitoring Instrument SO2 product (OMSO2 V2): New anthropogenic SO2 vertical column density dataset

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) has been providing global observations of SO2 pollution since 2004. Here we introduce the new anthropogenic SO2 vertical column density (VCD) dataset in the version 2 OMI SO2 product (OMSO2 V2). As with the previous version (OMSO2 V1.3), the new dataset is generated with an algorithm based on principal component analysis of OMI radiances but features several updates. The most important among those is the use of expanded lookup tables and model a priori profiles to estimate SO2 Jacobians for individual OMI pixels, in order to better characterize pixel-to-pixel variations in SO2 sensitivity including over snow and ice. Additionally, new data screening and spectral fitting schemes have been implemented to improve the quality of the spectral fit. As compared with the planetary boundary layer SO2 dataset in OMSO2 V1.3, the new dataset has substantially better data quality, especially over areas that are relatively clean or affected by the South Atlantic Anomaly. The updated retrievals over snow/ice yield more realistic seasonal changes in SO2 at high latitudes and offer enhanced sensitivity to sources during wintertime. An error analysis has been conducted to assess uncertainties in SO2 VCDs from both the spectral fit and Jacobian calculations. The uncertainties from spectral fitting are reflected in SO2 slant column densities (SCDs) and largely depend on the signal-to-noise ratio of the measured radiances, as implied by the generally smaller SCD uncertainties over clouds or for smaller solar zenith angles. The SCD uncertainties for individual pixels are estimated to be 0.15-0.3DU (Dobson units) between 40 S and 40 N and to be 0.2-0.5DU at higher latitudes. The uncertainties from the Jacobians are approximately 50 %-100% over polluted areas and are primarily attributed to errors in SO2 a priori profiles and cloud pressures, as well as the lack of explicit treatment for aerosols. Finally, the daily mean and median SCDs over the presumably SO2-free equatorial east Pacific have increased by only 0.0035DU and 0.003DU respectively over the entire 15-year OMI record, while the standard deviation of SCDs has grown by only 0.02DU or 10%. Such remarkable long-term stability makes the new dataset particularly suitable for detecting regional changes in SO2 pollution