154 research outputs found
Modeling the Processes of Managing the Advertising Budget ofan Electronic Trading Platform
The paper presents the possibilities of using system-dynamic modeling to manage the advertising budget ofan electronic trading platform. A model has been developed and its mathematical description is given. Computer experiments have been carried out corresponding to various configurations of the advertising budget (distribution between different target groups) with the calculation of such efficiency indicators as profitability, total costs due to irrational advertising costs, and the cost ofattracting one client. Β© 2022 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.Simos T.E.Simos T.E.Simos T.E.Simos T.E.Tsitouras C
The contribution of perennial fodder crops to the nitrogen balance of agroecosystems in Western Siberia
The article presents the results of experiments obtained in stationary experiments on the basis of grain-fallow and grain-grass crop rotations on meadow-chernozem soil in the Omsk region. The influence of spring wheat precursors (alfalfa of the 3rd year of life and fallow) on individual elements of soil fertility and crop yield has been established. It was revealed that when cultivating spring wheat by fallow in the grain-fallow crop rotation, the nitrogen balance (-28 kg/ha) is negative with an intensity of 66 %. When sowing wheat in grain-grass crop rotation on a layer of perennial grasses, the nitrogen balance is positive (+21.0 kg/ha) and the intensity is 119 %. The favorable effect of the legume component in the crop rotation on the nitrogen regime of the soil significantly increased the yield of spring wheat by 0.5 t/ha in comparison with wheat cultivated in the field crop rotation by bare fallow. Under similar conditions, studies were carried out on irrigated meadowchernozem soil in an eight-field stationary grain-grass crop rotation. The removal of nitrogen by the yield of various perennial grasses, as well as the responsiveness of alfalfa, bromus and sweet clover with productivity parameters to the level of nitrogenphosphorus nutrition, were studied. The current mobilization of nitrogen under these conditions under the vegetative brome without fertilizers was 76 kg/ha. When optimizing the phosphate regime of the soil, this indicator increased to 99 kg/ha. Β The removal of nitrogen by alfalfa on similar agricultural backgrounds increases due to symbiotically fixed nitrogen, by 89 and 193 kg/ha, respectively, or 2.2 and 2.9 times. Alfalfa and sweet clover responded positively to the improvement of mineral fertilizing conditions (P60N60-160). In alfalfa of the 1-5 year of life the collection of green mass and fodder units increased to 40.56 and 7.00 t/ha, respectively, or by 86 and 54 % relative to the control without fertilizers, with 82.76 GJ of exchange energy per hectare. The productivity of sweet clover of the 2nd year of life increased up to 30.85 t/ha of green mass and 2.83 t/ha of fodder units or by 37 and 17 % relative to the control
INTEGRAL Observations of SS433: Analysis of Precessional and Orbital X-ray Periodicities
Hard X-ray INT observations of SS 433 carried out during 2003-2005 years with
an analysis of precessional and orbital variability is presented. The width of
X-ray eclipse in the 25-50 keV range at the precessional phase
(accretion disk is open to observer) is higher than that in the Ginga 18.4-27.6
keV range. This fact suggests existance the presence of hot extended corona
around the supercritical accretion disk. Spectrum of hard X-rays in the range
10-200 keV does not change with the precessional phase which also suggests that
hard X-ray flux is generated in the hot extended corona around the accretion
disk. The parameters of this hot corona are: kT=23-25 keV, \tau = 1.8-2.8. Mass
ratio estimated from the analysis of the ingress part of the eclipse light
curve is in the range q=m_x/m_v=0.3-0.5.Comment: 5 pages, 10 figure
Π’Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²
To implement the technology of thermally stimulated diagnostics of anisotropy and optical axes of crystals, the sample is thermostated at a temperature not exceeding the melting point, an electric field not exceeding the breakdown field is applied to the sample, polarization is produced for a time greater than the relaxation time at this temperature. After that, without disconnecting the electric field, cooling to the temperature of liquid nitrogen is performed, then the field is switched off, the sample is linearly heated to a temperature above the polarization temperature and the obtained thermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) spectra taken along and perpendicular to the optical axis of the sixth order C6 crystal are examined. When comparing the obtained spectra, the presence of anisotropy is determined, and the exact direction of the optical axes is determined by the magnitude and presence of the TSD maxima.ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ
Π»Π°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ°, Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (Π’Π‘Π’Π), ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° Π‘6 ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»Π°. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π’Π‘Π’Π ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ
Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»Π°Ρ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠΌΠΈ
In practical application of crystals in optoelectronics and laser technology it is necessary to know the direction of optical axes and types of oscillatory centers, which is a relevant and necessary condition. In this paper, the infrared spectra of transmission and absorption of hexagonal crystals of lithium iodate Ξ±-LiIO3, grown by open evaporation in H2O and D2O solutions, as well as natural lamellar crystals of phlogopite and muscovite monoclinic crystal are investigated. The band gap width of the investigated crystals is determined by transmission spectra. In the absorption spectra there were determined activation energy and wavelength of the oscillatory centers that are associated with the vibrations of protons, hydronium ions Π3Π+, protium H+, OH groups and molecules HDO. The good correlation of the parameters of infrared spectra with the spectra of thermally stimulated depolarization currents and NMR spectra has shown. The possibility of diagnostics of types of oscillatory centers by means of infrared spectra is considered, which also allows to find out the direction of optical axes. The obtained results allow to use IR spectra to determine not only the types of vibrational centers, but also the presence of anisotropy of the crystal lattice of the studied crystals.ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»Π°Π·Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Ξ±-LiIΠ3, Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
H2O ΠΈ D2O, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ Π3Π+, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π+, Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΠ- ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» HDO. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ°. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΠ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²
An annular gap acceleration model for -ray emission of pulsars
If the binding energy of the pulsar's surface is not so high (the case of a
neutron star), both the negative and positive charges will flow out freely from
the surface of the star. The annular free flow model for -ray emission
of pulsars is suggested in this paper. It is emphasized that: (1). Two kinds of
acceleration regions (annular and core) need to be taken into account. The
annular acceleration region is defined by the magnetic field lines that cross
the null charge surface within the light cylinder. (2). If the potential drop
in the annular region of a pulsar is high enough (normally the cases of young
pulsars), charges in both the annular and the core regions could be accelerated
and produce primary gamma-rays. Secondary pairs are generated in both regions
and stream outwards to power the broadband radiations. (3). The potential drop
in the annular region grows more rapidly than that in the core region. The
annular acceleration process is a key point to produce wide emission beams as
observed. (4). The advantages of both the polar cap and outer gap models are
retained in this model. The geometric properties of the -ray emission
from the annular flow is analogous to that presented in a previous work by Qiao
et al., which match the observations well. (5). Since charges with different
signs leave the pulsar through the annular and the core regions, respectively,
the current closure problem can be partially solved.Comment: 11 pages 2 figures, accepted by Chinese Journal of Astronomy and
Astrophysic
ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ (ΠΠ§Π ) Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ Ρ Π²Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΉ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡΠ² ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ§Π -1 Π·Π° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΠ². ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡ Power Factory. ΠΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Ρ Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ. Π£ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ§Π -1 Π·Π° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ§Π -1. ΠΠ°Π²Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ§Π Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ³Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ βΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡβ ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, Π° ΠΉ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΡΠ·Π»Ρ.The paper considers the frequency load shedding of an electric power system. The objective of this paper is to enhance the structure and algorithms of frequency load shedding-1 (AUFLS-1) using cutting-edge technologies, namely Wide Area Measurement System. We model the operation of the system of complex power supply when various emergencies in the Power Factory software occur. We aim at revealing the fact of the voltage corner reaction on the emergency occurrence and elaborating the algorithm of detecting the emergency by speed of voltage corner change. The result and novelty of this research is that we propose how to upgrade the system AUFLS-1 by introducing the additional starting block reacting to the speed of the voltage corner change which increases the speed of AUFLS-1 system operation. As a result the system AUFLS-1 starts up not only by achieving βfrequencyβ set point but also by analyzing the speed of voltage corner change.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ (ΠΠ§Π ) ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ§Π -1 Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ Power Factory. ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ§Π -1 Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°, ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ§Π -1. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ§Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ βΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉβ ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ·Π»Π΅
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