Obesity and functional bowel disorders: are they linked?

Obesity and functional bowel disease (FBD) are affecting a large number of people worldwide. They have psychosocial consequences and associated with considerable healthcare resource use. The purpose of this review was a comprehensive study of the relationship between obesity and FBD, as well as mechanisms to explain this relationship. An analysis of the literature provides strong evidence of a link between obesity and diarrhea, but there is currently insufficient data to speak confidently about the link between obesity and irritable bowel syndrome. Most studies suggest that adult obesity is not associated or negatively associated with constipation. The association of obesity with diarrhea is most convincingly explained through diet, eating behavior, changes in the metabolism of bile acids, accelerated colonic transit, altered intestinal microbiota and associated inflammation and increased intestinal permeability. Medicines taken by patients, as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, can play their own role.Planning and conducting studies, including longitudinal ones, based on valid diagnostic criteria and taking into account the widest possible range of confounders, will allow a deeper study of the problem of comorbidity of obesity and FBD. This will help optimize the treatment of these diseases

Arterial stiffness: basic determinants, methods of assessment, and the connection with obesity in children (literature review)

The review reflects the features of the structure and function of the arteries. The physiological mechanism of the formation of the pulse wave is described, and various levels of arterial pressure in the aorta and peripheral arteries are explained. Disorders of hemodynamics with a change in resilient-elastic properties of arterial vessels are described. Amplification and augmentation - factors modifying the pulse wave are presented. Also the paper describes the main methods of measuring arterial stiffness at the local, regional and system level, the advantage of direct measurement of the parameters related to the stiffness of the arterial wall, and the method of assessing the local and regional rigidity of the arteries. Separately, a method for determining pulse wave velocity in the carotid-femoral region was presented. Data of age impact on the structure and function of the arteries are presented. As it has been shown it is necessary to study parameters characterizing arterial rigidity in obese children, since this disease increases the incidence of cardiovascular complications in both adults and children. The relationship between the stiffness of arterial vessels and obesity children is considered. Various results of studies of arterial stiffness in children with obesity are presented. The lack of a consensus on the use of method of arterial vessels rigidity studying in childhood patients shows the need for further study of vascular remodeling and factors that may affect the structure of arteries in obese children

Predictors of exaggerated blood pressure response to aerobic exercise in obese adolescents

Association of blood pressure response during exercise of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) is demonstrated in adults. The objective was to determine predictors of raised exercise blood pressure (BP) response during aerobic exercise in obese adolescents. The maximal treadmill test using the Bruce protocol was performed in 82 normotensive obese adolescents (12-17 y.o., 43 boys). Adolescents were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 68) - children with normal BP response to exercise; group 2 (n = 14) - adolescents who had excessive increase in systolic BP (SBP) during exercise. We used logistic regression analysis to examine the associations between cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) and SBP response during exercise with adjustment for baseline SBP, sex, age and duration of exercise test period. We have found exaggerated BP response to exercise in 17.1 % of patients. In adolescents of group 2 baseline SBP was higher than in group 1 (p = 0.01). Glucose level and lipid metabolism disturbances, SDS Z-score, baseline SBP levels only by 24.8 % explained the formation of the hyperreactive SBP response to exercise (χ2 = 13.2; р = 0.068). Only baseline SBP was an independent predictor for exaggerated BP response (p = 0.025) and age was a significant trend towards influence (p = 0.054). Exaggerated BP response to exercise in normotensive obese adolescents is more common for older adolescents who have baseline SBP levels in the range of elevated normal values. Knowing CMRF as well as the degree of excess weight has no effect on excessive BP rise during exercise

Морфология и эволюционная позиция раннеплиоценовой полёвки Propliomys jalpugensis из Восточной Европы

Propliomys jalpugensis, a fossil rhizodont vole (late Early Pliocene, late Ruscinian, MN15), is revised based on materials from the type locality Kotlovina (southwestern Ukraine). This form is interpreted as a phyletic stage, marked by dental complication of first lower molar and hypsodonty, intermediate between the preceding late Early Pliocene Propliomys kowalskii and P. destinatus, and successive Late Pliocene Propliomys ucrainicus. Molar enamel of P. jalpugensis shows a pattern with the radial enamel in leading edges, occasionally with the incipient lamellar enamel, and the inner radial and outer primitive tangental enamel in trailing and closing edges © RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY, 2022Government Council on Grants, Russian FederationWe thank the technical staff of the Geological Institute RAS, Paleontological Institute RAS, and the Ural Center for Shared Use “Modern nanotechnology” SNSM UrFU for the assistance with SEM microscopy and preparing of helped to refine the manuscript. The work was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract No. 02.A03.21.0006. This work conforms to the scientific plan of the Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank the technical staff of the Geological Institute RAS, Paleontological Institute RAS, and the Ural Center for Shared Use “Modern nanotechnology” SNSM UrFU for the assistance with SEM microscopy and preparing of samples. We thank the two reviewers for comments that helped to refine the manuscript. The work was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract No. 02.A03.21.0006. This work conforms to the scientific plan of the Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Obesity and functional bowel disorders in adolescents: a pilot study

Background: Studies of the relationship between obesity and functional bowel disorders, carried out in different age groups, provide conflicting results. It remains unclear what factors are responsible for the transition from a tendency to constipation in children to a tendency to diarrhea in adults with obesity.Aim: To establish factors related to stool consistency as a surrogate marker of colon transit in adolescents with obesity.Materials and methods: A single-center observational cross-sectional study was carried out. We consecutively recruited adolescents, aged 11–17 years with obesity. Socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle and nutritional characteristics were assessed using questionnaires. Bowel symptoms were assessed using questionnaires and interviews. Stool consistency was assessed using the Bristol Stool Form Scale. Serum concentrations of ALT, AST, bilirubin, cholesterol, glucose, HbA1c, leptin, and insulin were determined. The HOMA-IR index was used to determine insulin resistance.Results: One hundred and ten adolescents with obesity were enrolled in the study. Of these, 69.1% had a pathological consistency of feces, with the prevalence of forms characterizing delayed gut transit (49.1%). The predominance of loose stools was reported by 5.5% of patients. The combination of different forms of stool (unstable stool) was described by 14.5% of adolescents. Hard stools were common among adolescents from single-parent families and adolescents who rarely consume dairy products. The presence of loose stools has been associated with insulin resistance.Conclusion: Most obese adolescents who do not have abdominal complaints have colon transit disorders. Medical professionals should actively ask these patients about stool frequency and properties. With constipation, dietary correction is justified. Research is needed to investigate in-depth gut microbiota as a possible link between obesity and diarrhea

Organization and management of clusters in Russia in the context of import substitution

The article covers the trends of the agribusiness development in Russia. It is shown that it is desirable to develop organizational-economic forms of entrepreneurship based on the cluster approach in the modern realities. The most famous agribusiness clusters in the world are explored. Regions of Russia that have achieved the most significant results in agribusiness clustering are mentioned. It is found that the establishment of agribusiness in Russia is defined by the political decision of regional authorities rather than based on research and development. An algorithm for establishing the agribusiness cluster is proposed, which includes four stages: methodological, analytical, organizational-economic and control. The key areas of state support for the development of agribusiness clusters in Russia are defined.peer-reviewe

Assessment of the actual nutrition of rural adolescents of the Irkutsk region because of revision of the norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients

Background. The rational nutrition of the child population is given great medical importance as a factor in preserving the health and development of the child. A complete and balanced diet in terms of the content of basic nutrients ensures the normal growth and development of the child’s body.The aim. To analyze of the actual nutrition of adolescents living in rural areas of the Irkutsk region.Materials and methods. The study involved 69 rural adolescents aged 11–17 years (34 boys, 35 girls). The actual nutrition was studied by the method of 24-hour nutrition reproduction. The energy value of the diet was determined, the nature of the provision of the diet with basic macro- and microelements was studied. The obtained values were compared with the norms of  physiological needs for energy and nutrients in 2008 and 2021.Results. The analysis of actual nutrition revealed deviations from the principles of  healthy nutrition: insufficient energy value of the diet, deficiency of proteins and  fats. The diet of  adolescents was characterized by an insufficient content of the main groups of macro- and micronutrients – vitamins A, C and D, essential trace elements, and a deficiency of dietary fiber. The diet of adolescents was characterized by increased sodium intake. The calculated ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates indicated a carbohydrate type of diet.Conclusion. Despite the great attention to the problem of balanced nutrition of adolescents, the question of the impact of nutrition on the health of a teenager, considering the regional factor, remains open. Recommendations for the development of a regional program for the organization of proper nutrition for school-age children are of great practical importance

A dynamic analysis of the incidence rate in adolescents of the Russian Federation and Novosibirsk Region

By means of calculation of the incidence mean value, the amplitude of oscillation and a dynamic analysis, we investigated data from official statistical collections of the Federal State Statistics Service (Public Health in Russia, Russian Statistical Yearbook). We assessed the incidence rate using medical aid appealability of adolescents (15-І7 years) in the Russian Federation and Novosibirsk region during the period from 2004 to 2013. A comparative dynamic analysis of general incidence of the adolescents of the Russian Federation and Novosibirsk region has shown that the medical referral level is higher in the Russian Federation by 33.8 % with an average increase by 3.4 % per year on average, especially for such types of diseases as digestive diseases, diseases of the endocrine system, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, circulatory system diseases, diseases of the eye and adnexa, diseases of the ear and mastoid process, nervous system diseases (44.1 %; 31.9 %; 26.0 %; 24.9 %; 23.8 %; 22.9 %; 21.3 %; 19.8 % respectively); the medical referral level of Novosibirsk region was higher by 30.2 % with an average increase by 3.0 % per year on average, infectious and parasitic pathology was higher by 43.0 % mainly. The differences in the levels of medical help and the structure of the main types of diseases that determine the nature of adolescent morbidity in the Russian Federation and Novosibirsk region, which predetermines the need to ensure appropriate coordination of medical activities and services

Dietary intake in indigenous adolescents in rural Buryatia, Russia

Background. The diet of adolescents is an important factor in their future health. The diet is formed under the influence of biological, personal, family, socio-economic, environmental, and cultural factors.The aim: to study the diet of adolescents in rural areas of Buryatia and compare the dietary intake of the Russian and Buryat ethnic groups.Materials and methods. The study included 92 rural adolescents 11–17 years old (44 boys, 48 girls); 49 of them were Buryats, 43 – Russians. Dietary intake was assessed by the food record method. The intake of energy, macronutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) and micronutrients (major groups of vitamins and trace elements) of the diet was determined. The values obtained were compared with references to daily energy and nutrient intake, and between groups of adolescents of different ethnicity.Results. The diets of rural adolescents were not balanced. Only 7.6 % of adolescents include fish in their diet. Milk and dairy products are consumed by 38 % of the respondents. Daily energy intake was significantly lower the recommended guidelines. The diet is characterized by a deficiency of vitamins of groups A, C, and D, group B (with the exception of cobalamin), niacin, biotin, essential trace elements (calcium, phosphorus, iodine), high sodium intake. A significant deficiency of dietary fiber has been noted. The Buryats showed a shift in the ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet towards carbohydrates (1 : 1.2 : 5.3).Conclusion. The results indicate significant disturbances in the composition of the diet in rural adolescents in Buryatia, more pronounced in the Asian subgroup. This can be a rationale for the development of targeted nutrition monitoring programs aimed at preserving the health of the youth

Фитосанитарные нормы и их влияние на международную торговлю растительной сельскохозяйственной продукцией (постановка проблемы)

Relevance and methods. he article examines the impact of phytosanitary standards on international trade in plant products. It is noted that it is complex in two ways: on the one hand, phytosanitary control protects against low-quality goods, non-native pests and diseases, on the other – negatively affects international trade, makes it difficult for small producers to enter the market, especially when it comes to developing countries. The study provides examples of Vietnam and Chile. Results. It is concluded that excessively strict phytosanitary regulations act more as a barrier than as a catalyst for trade. Moreover, there is a tendency to tighten requirements. The authors draw attention not only to the necessity, but also to the complexity of harmonization of phytosanitary standards.Актуальность. В статье рассматривается влияние фитосанитарных норм на международную торговлю растительной продукцией. Отмечается сложный двоякий характер фитосанитарного контроля: с одной стороны он защищает от некачественных товаров, неместных вредителей и болезней, с другой – негативно влияет на международную торговлю, затрудняет выход на рынок некрупных производителей, особенно когда речь идет о развивающихся странах. В исследовании приведены примеры Вьетнама, Чили. Результаты. Сделан вывод, что излишне строгая фитосанитарная регламентация действует в большей мере как барьер, нежели чем катализатор для торговли. Причем отмечена тенденция ужесточения требований. Авторы обращают внимание не только на необходимость, но и на сложность гармонизации фитосанитарных норм