Konflikt und Konfliktlösung in Guatemala – Die Verwirklichung der Rechte indigener Frauen im rechtspluralistischen Raum

Im 20. Jahrhundert erlebte die Menschheit die Gräueltaten von zwei Weltkriegen und zahllosen Bürgerkriegen, die allesamt unermessliches Leid brachten. Auch Guatemala ist insoweit ein trauriges Beispiel. Der Bürgerkrieg, der dort in der Zeit des Kalten Krieges wütete und erst 1996 endete, hat das Land zutiefst zerrissen. Da vor allem die indigene Bevölkerung verfolgt und vernichtet wurde und die Kriegsstrategie auch grausame, sexuelle Gewalttaten gegenüber indigenen Frauen einschloss, steht die heutige, demokratisch gewählte Regierung vor der Herausforderung, diesen Personen Recht und Würde wiederzugeben. So muss gezeigt werden, dass der Schutz vor Gewalt unabhängig von der ethnischen Zugehörigkeit für jeden Menschen besteht. Grundsätzlich stehen die Chancen hierfür nicht schlecht. Denn im 20. Jahrhundert haben sich auch viel versprechende Rechtssetzungsprozesse zugunsten von Indigenen bzw. Frauen vollzogen, die Standards entstehen ließen und den nationalen Regierungen als Richtschnur dienen können. Obgleich die Herausbildung von Frauenrechten bzw. Rechten von Indigenen zu verschiedenen Momenten einsetzte und sich diese Rechte auch konzeptionell mit unterschiedlicher Dynamik weiter entwickelt haben, so ist diesen Rechten doch gemeinsam, dass die großen Entwicklungsschritte vor allem nach 1945 gesetzt wurden und im übergreifenden Gesamtkonzept der Menschenrechte eingebunden waren, dem eine vorrangig individuelle Ausrichtung innewohnt

Fearless dominance and performance in field sales: a predictive study

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the publisher via the DOI in this recordIn a prospective study of 150 junior salespeople in the same company, we examined the relation between fearless dominance, which is a dimension of trait psychopathy, and objective performance in field sales. After controlling for demographic variables, length of job tenure, initial sales training quality, and disciplined achievement motivation, the results supported an inverted U‐shaped relation, which showed that, after a certain turning point, increases in fearless dominance resulted in decreases in performance. Thus, the most successful salespeople in our sample possessed moderate levels of fearless dominance. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are provided in light of a number of notable strengths and limitations

Transfer ionization and its sensitivity to the ground-state wave function

We present kinematically complete theoretical calculations and experiments for transfer ionization in H$^++$He collisions at 630 keV/u. Experiment and theory are compared on the most detailed level of fully differential cross sections in the momentum space. This allows us to unambiguously identify contributions from the shake-off and two-step-2 mechanisms of the reaction. It is shown that the simultaneous electron transfer and ionization is highly sensitive to the quality of a trial initial-state wave function

A Cervid Vocal Fold Model Suggests Greater Glottal Efficiency in Calling at High Frequencies

Male Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) produce loud and high fundamental frequency bugles during the mating season, in contrast to the male European Red Deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus) who produces loud and low fundamental frequency roaring calls. A critical step in understanding vocal communication is to relate sound complexity to anatomy and physiology in a causal manner. Experimentation at the sound source, often difficult in vivo in mammals, is simulated here by a finite element model of the larynx and a wave propagation model of the vocal tract, both based on the morphology and biomechanics of the elk. The model can produce a wide range of fundamental frequencies. Low fundamental frequencies require low vocal fold strain, but large lung pressure and large glottal flow if sound intensity level is to exceed 70 dB at 10 m distance. A high-frequency bugle requires both large muscular effort (to strain the vocal ligament) and high lung pressure (to overcome phonation threshold pressure), but at least 10 dB more intensity level can be achieved. Glottal efficiency, the ration of radiated sound power to aerodynamic power at the glottis, is higher in elk, suggesting an advantage of high-pitched signaling. This advantage is based on two aspects; first, the lower airflow required for aerodynamic power and, second, an acoustic radiation advantage at higher frequencies. Both signal types are used by the respective males during the mating season and probably serve as honest signals. The two signal types relate differently to physical qualities of the sender. The low-frequency sound (Red Deer call) relates to overall body size via a strong relationship between acoustic parameters and the size of vocal organs and body size. The high-frequency bugle may signal muscular strength and endurance, via a ‘vocalizing at the edge’ mechanism, for which efficiency is critical

Carbon K-shell Photo Ionization of CO: Molecular frame angular Distributions of normal and conjugate shakeup Satellites

We have measured the molecular frame angular distributions of photoelectrons emitted from the Carbon K shell of fixed-in-space CO molecules for the case of simultaneous excitation of the remaining molecular ion. Normal and conjugate shake up states are observed. Photo electrons belonging to normal \Sigma -satellite lines show an angular distribution resembling that observed for the main photoline at the same electron energy. Surprisingly a similar shape is found for conjugate shake up states with \Pi -symmetry. In our data we identify shake rather than electron scattering (PEVE) as the mechanism producing the conjugate lines. The angular distributions clearly show the presence of a \Sigma -shape resonance for all of the satellite lines.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure