Classification of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease Based on VGG19 Features with Batch Normalization

Dementia is a condition when thinking, reasoning and memory skills are lost and patients have emotional instability and personality changes. Researchers are looking into how the underlying disease processes that lead to various kinds of dementia begin and interact. Additionally, they keep researching the various diseases and conditions that cause dementia. Alzheimer’s and Parkinson's disease contribute to dementia development. Recently deep learning-based techniques have surpassed the performance of traditional algorithms in the field of machine vision, image detection, natural language handling, object detection, and medical image analysis. This study proposed a transfer learning-based model for Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease classification from slices of MRI. Pretrained VGG19 with Batch normalization is used for feature extraction and the final dense (fully connected-FC) layers are fine-tuned to meet our requirements. The performance of the model is analyzed by varying hyperparameters. The proposed model outperformed other pre-trained CNN models by achieving an accuracy of 97.19%

Automatic Bleeding Frame and Region Detection for GLCM Using Artificial Neural Network

 Wireless capsule endoscopy is a device that inspects the direct visualization of patient’s gastrointestinal tract without invasiveness. Analyzing the WCE video is a time- consuming task hence computer aided technique is used to reduce the burden of medical clinicians. This paper proposes a novel color feature extraction method to detect the bleeding frame. First, we perform word based histogram for rapid bleeding detection in WCE images. Classification of bleeding WCE frame is performed by applying for glcm using  Artificial Neural Network and K-nearest neighbour method. Second we propose a two-stage saliency map extraction method. In first stage saliency, we inspect the bleeding images under different color components to highlight the bleeding regions. From second stage saliency red color in the bleeding frame reveals that the region is affected. Then, by using algorithm we fuse the two-stage of saliency to detect the bleeding area. Experimental results show that the proposed method is very efficient in detecting the bleeding frames and the region

Alzheimer’s And Parkinson’s Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based On MRI: A Review

Neurodegenerative disorders present a current challenge for accurate diagnosis and for providing precise prognostic information. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), may take several years to obtain a definitive diagnosis. Due to the increased aging population in developed countries, neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD have become more prevalent and thus new technologies and more accurate tests are needed to improve and accelerate the diagnostic procedure in the early stages of these diseases. Deep learning has shown significant promise in computer-assisted AD and PD diagnosis based on MRI with the widespread use of artificial intelligence in the medical domain. This article analyses and evaluates the effectiveness of existing Deep learning (DL)-based approaches to identify neurological illnesses using MRI data obtained using various modalities, including functional and structural MRI. Several current research issues are identified toward the conclusion, along with several potential future study directions

Comparison of Postoperative Analgesia after Intrathecal Nalbuphine with Levobupivacaine and Fentanyl with Levobupivacaine after Gynaecological Surgery

INTRODUCTION: Spinal anaesthesia provides a rapid onset of anaesthesia & complete motor blockade also simple to perform. Adjuvants to local anaesthetics for intrathecal administration has synergistic action and intensify sensory block without increasing sympathetic block, reduced local anaesthetic drug dose, better hemodynamic stability with lesser side effects.The purpose of this study is to compare the intrathecal fentanyl & nalbuphine as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine during lower abdominal gynaecological surgeries for postoperative analgesia. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Comparison of post operative analgesic efficacy of intrathecal nalbuphine with levobupivacaine vs intrathecal fentanyl with levobupivacaine. Also assessment of onset of sensory and motor blockade, intra operative and postoperative hemodynamics, effective analgesic time, evaluate the severity of pain using visual analog scale and side effects. METHOD: This Prospective Randomized double blinded study has included 60 female patients who were divided into GROUP A patients received 15mg (3ml) of 0.5% levobupivacaine and fentanyl 25μg-Total volume of drug is 3.5ml. GROUP B Patients received 15mg (3ml) of 0.5% levobupivacaine and nalbuphine 0.5mg-Total volume of the drug is 3.5ml given. RESULTS: This study concluded that prolongation of duration of analgesia with nalbuphine than fentanyl but there is no statistical significance in difference between nalbuphine and fentanyl when combined with levobupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia. The postoperative analgesia is similar with both the drugs. Adverse effects were less common in nalbuphine group but the difference was insignificant. CONCLUSION: We conclude that both Intrathecal nalbuphine and intrathecal fentanyl added to levobupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia improves intraoperative analgesia and prolongs the early postoperative analgesia

Preclinical and Clinical Study on Venpulli (வெண்புள்ளி)

In the present study the author has taken the Siddha formulations Yaanai Nerunjil Chooranam as internal medicine (Reference: Pathartha Guna Vilakkam) and Pathiyaa Lebanam as external medicine (Reference: Agathiyar Vaithiya Pillai Tamil). These drugs are indicated for Venpulli noi and their efficacy is not proven till now. These formulations are made by easily available herbs in rural India. Hence the author has chosen the above drugs to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy in treating Venpulli Noi. Apart from the trial drugs the efficacy of Yogam in the treatment of Venpulli noi is also studied. The clinical study reveals that the trial drug showed Grade 2 – moderate improvement in 17.5% of the cases, Grade 3 – mild improvement in 70% of the cases, Grade 4 – no improvement in 12.5% cases. Yogam treatment along with the trial drugs showed good prognosis when compared to patients treated only with trial drugs. Hence the study reveals the importance of Yogam in treating Venpulli. Clinically, no adverse effects were reported during the trial and the laboratory investigations were also within normal limits. So, the drug is assumed to be safe for humans. Acute toxicity study in animal models reveals that the trial drug Yaanai Nerunjil Chooranam” is safe. The safety of the trial drug was also proved from this study. Because of the encouraging clinical results, it could be concluded that “Yaanai Nerunjil Chooranam - internally” and “Pathiyaa Lebanam externally” are effective in producing repigmentation and reducing the size of the de-pigmented patches in the treatment of “ Venpulli” (Vitiligo)

Note on Pharmacological Activities of Melissa officinalis L.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a perennial herb in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. Lemon Balm is used medicinally as a herbal tea, or in extract form. It is claimed to have antibacterial, antiviral properties (it is effective against herpes simplex), and it is also used as a mild sedative or calming agent. At least one study has found it to be effective at reducing stress, although the study\u27s authors call for further research. Its antibacterial properties have also been demonstrated scientifically, although they are markedly weaker than those from a number of other plants studied

Repair of Oxidative DNA Damage and Cancer: Recent Progress in DNA Base Excision Repair

SIGNIFICANCE: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by exogenous and environmental genotoxins, but also arise from mitochondria as byproducts of respiration in the body. ROS generate DNA damage of which pathological consequence, including cancer is well established. Research efforts are intense to understand the mechanism of DNA base excision repair, the primary mechanism to protect cells from genotoxicity caused by ROS. RECENT ADVANCES: In addition to the notion that oxidative DNA damage causes transformation of cells, recent studies have revealed how the mitochondrial deficiencies and ROS generation alter cell growth during the cancer transformation. CRITICAL ISSUES: The emphasis of this review is to highlight the importance of the cellular response to oxidative DNA damage during carcinogenesis. Oxidative DNA damage, including 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine, play an important role during the cellular transformation. It is also becoming apparent that the unusual activity and subcellular distribution of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1, an essential DNA repair factor/redox sensor, affect cancer malignancy by increasing cellular resistance to oxidative stress and by positively influencing cell proliferation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Technological advancement in cancer cell biology and genetics has enabled us to monitor the detailed DNA repair activities in the microenvironment. Precise understanding of the intracellular activities of DNA repair proteins for oxidative DNA damage should provide help in understanding how mitochondria, ROS, DNA damage, and repair influence cancer transformation

The role of reactive oxygen intermediates in experimental coccidioidomycois in mice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Coccidioidomycosis is usually a self-limited infection in immunocompentent people. In immunocompentent human beings second infections due to <it>Coccidioides </it>are very rare, indicating that recovery from infection results in protective immunity. In experimental animals, immunization with several different proteins or attenuated mutants protects against a virulent challenge. To explore what mechanisms are responsible for protective immunity, we investigated the course of <it>Coccidioides </it>infection in the gp91^phoxknock out mouse that has a defect in the oxidative burst that results in chronic granulomatous disease.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that the gp91^phoxknock out mice were somewhat more resistant to intraperitoneal infection and equally as resistant to low dose intranasal infection, but slightly more susceptible to high dose intranasal infection compared to control mice. The gp91^phoxknock out mice made a more robust inflammatory response to infection than controls, as measured by histology and production of inflammatory cytokines. The gp91^phoxknock out mice were as protected by immunization with the recombinant <it>Coccidioides </it>protein Ag2/PRA as the controls were against either intraperitoneal or intranasal infection. <it>Coccidioides immitis </it>arthroconidia and spherules were significantly more resistant to H₂O₂treatment in vitro than <it>Aspergillus fumigatus </it>spores.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These data suggest that oxidative burst may not be required for protective immunity to coccidioidomycois.</p