Government expenditure and theory of efficient private and public finance

The efficient government finance will increase economic growth and thereby income distribution. This research has been formulated an efficiency theory of production and finance. This research compared the government expenditure patterns into two situations. One, when a government borrows and accordingly allocates resources for productive expenditures for private and public finance. Another situation is that when a government borrows and fixed the resources for productive expenditure for only public finance. A comparative efficiency theory of production and finance are being formulated to test the general equilibrium of production of goods and services. This general equilibrium theory of efficient production of a firm has been made a conclusion that government resource allocation in both for private and public finance is efficient and never creates economic distortion even if these resources are borrowed form domestic sources. These domestic sources might be private commercials banks or any other financial institutions. The government resource allocation is not efficient when the government borrowing is fixed only for increasing public finance. This process implies diminishing return and thus increases public expenditure implicitly. Increasing nonproductive government expenditure will expand the size of the government and accordingly reduce economic growth in the long run. But both the private and public finance from borrowing will not hamper the efficiency of the production of a firm and accordingly reduce economic distortion. The tendency of reducing economic distortion will ultimately increase economic growth and economic welfare as well.Keywords: Finance; Government Expenditure

Comparative Evaluation of High Protein against Normal Protein Diet in Combination with Carbamates against Organophosphorus Intoxication in Rats

The relative efficacy of an isocaloric high (HPD) containing 59 per cent protein, in comparison to a conventional diet containing 21 per cent protein as applied in the alleviation of toxicity of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) and methyl isopropyl phosphonofluoridate (sarin), has been reported. In combination with well-known prophylactics like carbamates and cholinolytics like atropine against nerve gas toxicity, HPD appears to be superior to the conventional diet as studied by survival time measurements. Apart from carbamates, atropine and mecamylamine, HPD may be treated as an additional prophylactic agent to guard against the toxicity of DFP and sarin, which are being used as war chemicals

Limit cycles in a prey-predator system

AbstractWe consider a generalised Gause-type prey-predator system, where both the prey and the predator species have independent 8specific growth rate. We proved that the system has limit cycles globally

First report on black spot disease of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruits caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa in Bangladesh

Fruit spot disease of Phyllanthus emblica L. is one of theproblems, which reduce the quality of the fruits at pre-harvest period. Fungal pathogen was isolated using tissue planting methods during November 2016 to December 2017. The fungus, Thielaviopsis paradoxa was identified using both morphological and molecular characterization based on internal transcribe spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Mycelial growth of the isolated fungus was evaluated on six different fungal culture media viz, potato sucrose agar (PSA), Richard agar (RA), carrot agar (CA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), honey peptone agar (HPA) and Hansen’s agar (HA) in which RA and HPA media provided the utmost growth. The optimum temperature of the fungus was recorded at 25 to 35ºC. Alternate cycle of 12h/12h light dark and neutral to basic pH was preferred by the studied fungus. Aqueous crude extracts of three plants (garlic, black cumin, and turmeric) were evaluated against the isolated fungus in which the highest inhibition was recorded due to garlic extract. Two food preservatives (sodium benzoate and vinegar) were also tested in which sodium benzoate (100 mM) was most efficient for the inhibition of T. paradoxa. Therefore, garlic and food preservative-sodium benzoate could be used to control this fungal growth associated with amla fruits. To the best of our knowledge, occurrence of T. paradoxa on amla fruits is a new record in Bangladesh. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 38-46, December 202

ISOLATION OF PROMISING MUTANT OF ENHANCED FRUIT QUALITY IN TOMATO

Induction of mutation by gamma rays, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and their combined treatments was studied in three widely divergent genotypes of tomato, EC-620176, EC-620177 and Patharkutchi. Combination of gamma radiation and EMS caused more damage followed by EMS treatment and gamma radiation, mainly in M1 generation. Gamma irradiation (50-150 Gy) was most efficient followed by 0.05- 0.10 % EMS and their combination treatment in inducing wide array of macro-mutation in tomato. One mutant “Dark green fruit” was isolated from the M2 population of Patharkutchi treated by 150 Gy gamma radiation. Chlorophyll ‘a’, Chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll content in the leaf and immature fruit of this mutant was significantly higher compared to the parental genotype. Average total chlorophyll content in the leaf and immature fruit of the mutant over M3 and M4 generation was 318.52 mg/100 g fresh and 21.93 mg/100 g fresh, respectively in sharp contrast to 198.25 mg/100 g and 12.21 mg/100 g fresh, respectively in the leaf and immature fruit of the parental line. This “Dark green fruit” mutant with higher average lycopene (7.49 mg/100 g fresh) and ascorbic acid (35.86 mg/100 g fresh) contents in the ripe fruits emerged as a promising genetic resource for further utilization in tomato breeding for enhancement of lycopene and ascorbic acid content in the fruits

In vitro evaluation of biocontrol agents and fungicides on wood decay fungiganoderma associated with mortality of tree legumes

An experiment was conducted to isolate a number of biocontrol agent- Trichoderma spp. from infected spawn packets of oyster mushroom at National Mushroom Development and Extension Centre, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. These bio-control agents were used as antagonist against four wild wood decay fungi of Ganoderma, viz., G. lucidum-1, G. lucidum-2, G. lucidum-3, G. applanatum and two cultivated G. lucidum-4, G.lucidum-6 under in vitro condition. An in vitro trial of Trichoderma spp. against Ganoderma were performed by dual culture, by treating with volatile, non-volatile and naturally untreated metabolites of bio-control agents. In dual culture, all the Trichoderma species showed 70- 100% mycelia inhibition of G. lucidum-1 and G. lucidum-2, 55.6-100% inhibition of G. lucidum-3, 20-66.7% of G. applanatum, 100% of G. lucidum-5, 75-100% of G. lucidum-6. Effects of heat killed extracts of Trichoderma spp. on growth of G. lucidum-2 (wild) and G. lucidum-6 (cultivated) were also evaluated. Fungicides Bavistin and Dithane M-45 were also used to investigate the mycelial growth inhibition of Ganoderma spp.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (2): 31-35, December, 201