Analysis of Vitamin A in Multivitamin Products

Vitamin A is present in multivitamin products mainly in the form of retinol esters: retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate, and beta carotene—retinol precursor (dimer) found in plants, which is capable of converting into retinol in liver cells. Retinol is determined in medicinal products primarily by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with preliminary purification and vitamin isolation by liquid-liquid extraction. However, scientific literature also describes other methods of sample preparation and analysis of such compounds. An important issue is differentiation of vitamin A from other fat-soluble vitamins often included as components in multivitamin products. The aim of the study was to analyse and summarise data on current methods used for determination of vitamin A and its derivatives in medicinal products. The authors analysed the range of vitamin A products authorised in the Russian Federation, and the test methods described in their product specification files. The study demonstrated that the test method most often used for determination of retinol esters was HPLC with isocratic elution mode using octadecylsilyl packing in the reverse-phase mode, and, less frequently, aminopropylsilyl packing in the normal phase mode. Determination of beta carotene in medicinal products is most often performed using spectrophotometry

Modern methods for identification and quantification of cardiac glycosides

Scientific relevance. Cardiac glycosides have been used in medicine for over two centuries. Current studies suggest that biologically active substances from this group can be used to treat not only heart conditions but also viral infections, cancers, and other diseases. Therefore, quality control methods for cardiac glycosides are becoming increasingly relevant.Aim. Based on a review of Russian and international quality standards, as well as up-to-date scientific data, this study aimed to identify promising methods for the identification and quantification of cardiac glycosides in herbal drugs and herbal medicinal products, as well as to evaluate the possibility of substituting physicochemical methods for biological methods.Discussion. The methods that are currently used to standardise cardiac glycosides are either not selective or require laboratory animals (biological test systems). According to a study of pharmacopoeial methods for the identification of cardiac glycosides in herbal drugs and herbal medicinal products, chemical identification tests and thin-layer chromatography continue to be relevant. Quantitative testing of herbal drugs and extracts uses biological and non-selective (spectrophotometry) methods, whereas chromatography is described only in general and individual monographs for herbal drug preparations containing individual cardiac glycosides and medicinal products containing these preparations. Upon analysing quality standards and scientific publications, the authors identified potentially promising methods for the quantification of cardiac glycosides in herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations, and herbal medicinal products, namely chromatographic methods.Conclusions. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid cjromatography (HPLC) with spectrophotometric detection is the most suitable method for pharmacopoeial analysis. The development of an HPLC-based analytical procedure to determine the cardiac glycoside content will provide an opportunity to advance from biological or non-selective methods to more ethical and selective up-to-date techniques

Determination of Folic Acid in Multivitamin Preparations by Reversed Phase HPLC

A great variety of components in multivitamin preparations containing folic acid, and a variety of test methods and conditions of folic acid determination proposed by manufacturers, require alignment of test procedures for products with similar composition.The aim of the study was to compare the results of experimental verification of folic acid determination procedures which use reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) with isocratic elution mode. Materials and methods: The Agilent 1260 Infinity II LC system with a diode array detector (280 nm), isocratic elution mode, C8- and C18-bonded silica gel chromatographic columns, model mixtures containing folic acid, cyanocobalamin, ferrous sulfate, and potassium iodide, were used in the study.Results: The lowest relative standard deviation of the folic acid peak area (RSD=0.09%), and the lowest asymmetry factor (As=1.04) for folic acid were observed for the model mixture “ferrous sulfate+folic acid+cyanocobalamin” and the following test conditions. Column: 250×4.0 mm, silica gel for chromatography, octylsilyl (C8), endcapped; mobile phase:  methanol‒phosphate buffer (12:88), pH 6.6; column temperature: 25ºС. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using these conditions for determination of pteroic acid impurity with simultaneous precipitation of interfering ferrous ions, using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution, pH 9.5, as a solvent.Conclusions: RP HPLC can be recommended as an optimal aligned test procedure for determination of folic acid in combination products. It is recommended to use a solution containing folic and pteroic acids for system suitability testing

Общие фармакопейные статьи и фармакопейные статьи Государственной фармакопеи Российской Федерации XIII издания

The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation is a collection of general monographs and pharmacopoeial monographs. It should be reissued at least once in 5 years. The next scheduled edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation is planned for publication in 2015. It will include both first developed in national and, in some cases, global pharmacopoeial analysis general and pharmacopoeial monographs, and updated revised general and pharmacopoeial monographs. The implementation of the general and pharmacopoeial monographs of the mentioned edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation will significantly increase the level of national pharmacopoeial analysis and ensure its compliance with international standards.Государственная фармакопея Российской Федерации представляет собой свод общих фармакопейных статей и фармакопейных статей и подлежит переизданию не реже І раза в 5 лет. Очередное издание Государственной фармакопеи Российской Федерации, планируемое к выходу в свет в 2015 году, будет включать как впервые разработанные в практике отечественного, а в ряде случаев и мирового фармакопейного анализа общие фармакопейные статьи и фармакопейные статьи, так и статьи, представляющие собой обновленные и пересмотренные варианты общих фармакопейных статей и фармакопейных статей. Введение в действие общих фармакопейных статей и фармакопейных статей этого издания Государственной фармакопеи Российской Федерации позволит существенно повысить уровень отечественного фармакопейного анализа и обеспечит его соответствие требованиям мировых стандартов

Современные подходы к оценке эффективности и безопасности лекарственных средств растительного происхождения в России и за рубежом

For the purpose of prevention and treatment of various diseases, herbal medicinal products are used along with a wide range of small molecule drugs. Herewith herbal preparations are not only herbs and combined herbal products, but also various galenic and new galenic preparations and individual biologically active compounds derived from plants. The growth of demand for herbal medicinal product, the changing requirements of the regulatory system to their safety and effectiveness during the procedure of registration puts certain tasks to improve this procedure. The article provides an overview of the literature data on contemporary requirements for safety and efficacy assessment of herbal preparations. Analysis of approaches to conducting preclinical and clinical studies of herbal preparations in Russia and the international community led to certain conclusions on the degree of their harmonization and possible unification.Для профилактики и лечения различных заболеваний, наряду с широким спектром синтетических лекарственных средств, применяются лекарственные средства растительного происхождения. При этом в качестве лекарственных средств растительного происхождения используются не только лекарственные растения и сборы, но и различные галеновые и новогаленовые препараты, индивидуальные биологически активные соединения, выделенные из растений. Рост востребованности лекарственных растительных препаратов, меняющиеся требования регуляторной системы к их эффективности и безопасности при прохождении процедуры регистрации ставят определенные задачи по ее совершенствованию. Проведен обзор данных литературы, посвященных современным требованиям, предъявляемым к оценке безопасности и эффективности лекарственных средств растительного происхождения. Анализ подходов к проведению доклинических и клинических испытаний лекарственных средств растительного происхождения в России и странах мирового сообщества позволил сделать определенные выводы по степени их гармонизации и возможности унификации

Анализ витамина А в поливитаминных препаратах

Vitamin A is present in multivitamin products mainly in the form of retinol esters: retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate, and beta carotene—retinol precursor (dimer) found in plants, which is capable of converting into retinol in liver cells. Retinol is determined in medicinal products primarily by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with preliminary purification and vitamin isolation by liquid-liquid extraction. However, scientific literature also describes other methods of sample preparation and analysis of such compounds. An important issue is differentiation of vitamin A from other fat-soluble vitamins often included as components in multivitamin products. The aim of the study was to analyse and summarise data on current methods used for determination of vitamin A and its derivatives in medicinal products. The authors analysed the range of vitamin A products authorised in the Russian Federation, and the test methods described in their product specification files. The study demonstrated that the test method most often used for determination of retinol esters was HPLC with isocratic elution mode using octadecylsilyl packing in the reverse-phase mode, and, less frequently, aminopropylsilyl packing in the normal phase mode. Determination of beta carotene in medicinal products is most often performed using spectrophotometry. Витамин А в поливитаминных лекарственных препаратах представлен преимущественно в виде эфиров ретинола: ретинола ацетата, ретинола пальмитата, а также бетакаротена – предшественника (димера) ретинола, содержащегося в растениях и способного превращаться в ретинол в клетках печени. В составе лекарственных средств ретинол анализируется преимущественно методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии (ВЭЖХ) с предварительной очисткой и выделением витамина методом жидкостной экстракции. Однако в научной литературе встречаются и другие способы подготовки пробы и анализа этих соединений. Важным аспектом является также разделение витамина А с другими жирорастворимыми витаминами, которые наряду с витамином А входят в состав поливитаминных препаратов. Цель работы - анализ и обобщение данных литературы о современных методах определения витамина А и его производных в лекарственных препаратах. Проведен анализ номенклатуры препаратов, содержащих витамин А и зарегистрированных в Российской Федерации, а также методов анализа, используемых согласно нормативной документации производителей этих препаратов. Показано, что наиболее распространенным методом анализа эфиров ретинола является ВЭЖХ в изократическом режиме элюирования на октадецилсилильных сорбентах в обращенно-фазовом режиме, реже на аминопропилсилильных сорбентах в нормально-фазовом режиме элюирования. Бетакаротен в лекарственных средствах определяется преимущественно методом спектрофотометрии

Анализ фолиевой кислоты в поливитаминных препаратах методом обращенно-фазовой ВЭЖХ

A great variety of components in multivitamin preparations containing folic acid, and a variety of test methods and conditions of folic acid determination proposed by manufacturers, require alignment of test procedures for products with similar composition.The aim of the study was to compare the results of experimental verification of folic acid determination procedures which use reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) with isocratic elution mode. Materials and methods: The Agilent 1260 Infinity II LC system with a diode array detector (280 nm), isocratic elution mode, C8- and C18-bonded silica gel chromatographic columns, model mixtures containing folic acid, cyanocobalamin, ferrous sulfate, and potassium iodide, were used in the study.Results: The lowest relative standard deviation of the folic acid peak area (RSD=0.09%), and the lowest asymmetry factor (As=1.04) for folic acid were observed for the model mixture “ferrous sulfate+folic acid+cyanocobalamin” and the following test conditions. Column: 250×4.0 mm, silica gel for chromatography, octylsilyl (C8), endcapped; mobile phase:  methanol‒phosphate buffer (12:88), pH 6.6; column temperature: 25ºС. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using these conditions for determination of pteroic acid impurity with simultaneous precipitation of interfering ferrous ions, using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution, pH 9.5, as a solvent.Conclusions: RP HPLC can be recommended as an optimal aligned test procedure for determination of folic acid in combination products. It is recommended to use a solution containing folic and pteroic acids for system suitability testing.Поливитаминные препараты, содержащие фолиевую кислоту, значительно различаются по своему составу. Предлагаемые производителями методы и условия анализа фолиевой кислоты также различаются, в связи с чем необходима унификация методик анализа фолиевой кислоты для близких по составу препаратов.Цель работы: сравнение результатов апробации методик анализа фолиевой кислоты в поливитаминных препаратах методом обращенно-фазовой высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии в изократическом режиме подачи подвижной фазы.Материалы и методы: хроматограф жидкостный Agilent 1260 Infinity II LC с диодно-матричным детектором, аналитическая длина волны 280 нм. Колонки хроматографические с неподвижной фазой на основе силикагеля с привитыми группами С8 и С18. Режим подачи подвижной фазы – изократический. Модельные смеси, содержащие фолиевую кислоту, цианокобаламин, железа сульфат и калия йодид.Результаты: наименьшие значения относительного стандартного отклонения площади пика фолиевой кислоты (RSD = 0,09%) и фактора асимметрии пика (As = 1,04) отмечены при анализе модельной смеси «железа сульфат+фолиевая кислота+цианокобаламин» на колонке 250×4,0 мм с силикагелем октилсилильным (С8) эндкепированным с использованием в качестве подвижной фазы смеси метанол – фосфатный буферный раствор pH 6,6 (12:88) при температуре 25 ºС. Показана возможность одновременного определения примеси птероевой кислоты в данных условиях анализа и осаждения мешающих ионов железа при использовании в качестве растворителя пробы раствора, содержащего этилендиаминтетрауксусную кислоту, с рН 9,5. Выводы: при выборе оптимальной унифицированной методики анализа фолиевой кислоты в комплексных препаратах можно рекомендовать метод обращенно-фазовой высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии. Для проверки пригодности хроматографической системы рекомендуется использовать раствор, содержащий фолиевую и птероевую кислоты

General monographs and pharmacopoeial monographs of the State pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation XIII edition

The State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation is a collection of general monographs and pharmacopoeial monographs. It should be reissued at least once in 5 years. The next scheduled edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation is planned for publication in 2015. It will include both first developed in national and, in some cases, global pharmacopoeial analysis general and pharmacopoeial monographs, and updated revised general and pharmacopoeial monographs. The implementation of the general and pharmacopoeial monographs of the mentioned edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation will significantly increase the level of national pharmacopoeial analysis and ensure its compliance with international standards

Modern approaches to herbal preparations efficacy and safety assessment in Russia and abroad

For the purpose of prevention and treatment of various diseases, herbal medicinal products are used along with a wide range of small molecule drugs. Herewith herbal preparations are not only herbs and combined herbal products, but also various galenic and new galenic preparations and individual biologically active compounds derived from plants. The growth of demand for herbal medicinal product, the changing requirements of the regulatory system to their safety and effectiveness during the procedure of registration puts certain tasks to improve this procedure. The article provides an overview of the literature data on contemporary requirements for safety and efficacy assessment of herbal preparations. Analysis of approaches to conducting preclinical and clinical studies of herbal preparations in Russia and the international community led to certain conclusions on the degree of their harmonization and possible unification

GaAs:Cr X-ray sensors noise characteristics investigation by means of amplitude spectrum analysis

The investigation results of GaAs:Cr X-ray sensor noise characteristics are presented. Measured samples were 3*3 mm2 and thickness in the range of 300–500 μm. It is shown that the proposed method can be used to reveal the nature of dominant noise and calculate the energy resolution of structures. This technique allows estimation of the optimal operating voltage of GaAs:Cr sensors and characterization of detector material