Загрязнение мирового океана

Проблема загрязнения Мирового океана - одна из самых важных и актуальных. Возможно ли решить её в современных условиях. Океан, как известно, - это основа всего живого на нашей планете. Ведь именно в нём появились первые живые организмы в нашей геологической истории. Мировой океан занимает больше 70% поверхности планеты. Кроме того, в нём содержится около 95% всей воды. Вот почему загрязнение вод Мирового океана настолько опасно для географической оболочки планеты. И сегодня эта проблема всё более обостряется.The problem of ocean pollution is one of the most important and relevant. Is it possible to solve it in modern conditions? The ocean, as you know, is the basis of all life on our planet. After all, it appeared the first living organisms in our geological history. Oceans occupy more than 70% of the planet's surface. In addition, it contains about 95% of all water. That's why the pollution of the waters of the World ocean is so dangerous to the geographical envelope of the planet. And today this problem is becoming more acute

К вопросу о международном экологическом сотрудничестве в Арктике

Разработка природных ресурсов Арктики меняет глобальную геополитику. Растущее соперничество государств выдвигают проблемы Арктики в разряд серьезных глобальных противоречий текущего века. Перед Россией стоит задача упрочения своего суверенитета в арктическом регионе. В этой связи особый интерес для России представляет опыт по взаимодействию со странами Арктического региона в целях ее экологической защиты. The development of natural resources in the Arctic is changing global geopolitics. The growing rivalry between states put forward the problems of the Arctic into the category of major global conflicts this century. Russia faces the challenge of strengthening its sovereignty in the Arctic region. In this regard, of particular interest to Russia is the experience in the interaction with the countries of the Arctic region with a view to environmental protection

Анализ конструкций, выбор и поверочный расчет котла утилизатора для парогазовой установки мощностью 500МВт

Дипломный проект – 66 страниц, 11 таблиц, 5 рисунков, 11 источников, 2 приложения, 1 графический материал Ключевые слова: котел утилизатор, теплообменник, котельная, парогазовая установка. Объектом исследования является котел утилизатор для парогазовой установки мощностью 500МВт. Целью работы является выбор и поверочный расчет котла утилизатора для парогазовой установки мощностью 500 МВт. Объектом исследования является тепловая схема парогазовой установки. Предметом исследования выступает котел утилизатор паровой турбины. В результате исследования выбран оптимальный вариант котла утилизатора для парогазовой установки мощность 500 МВт.Graduation project - 66 pages, 11 tables and 5 figures, 11 sources, 2 adj. Keywords: waste heat boiler, heat exchanger, boiler room, combined-cycle plant. The object of research is a waste heat boiler for a 500 MW combined cycle gas turbine power. The aim is the selection and checking calculation of the recovery boiler for combined cycle gas turbine capacity of 500 MW. The object of research is the thermal circuit combined-cycle plant. The subject of research is the waste heat boiler of a steam turbine. The study selected the best option for recovery boiler combined cycle gas turbine power of 500 MW

Direct intra-abdominal pressure monitoring via piezoresistive pressure measurement: a technical note

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Piezoresistive pressure measurement technique (PRM) has previously been applied for direct IAP measurement in a porcine model using two different devices. Aim of this clinical study was to assess both devices regarding complications, reliability and agreement with IVP in patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A prospective cohort study was performed in 20 patients randomly scheduled to receive PRM either by a Coach^®-probe or an Accurate++^®-probe (both MIPM, Mammendorf, Germany). Probes were placed on the greater omentum and passed through the abdominal wall paralleling routine drainages. PRM was compared with IVP measurement by t-testing and by calculating mean difference as well as limits of agreement (LA).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There were no probe related complications. Due to technical limitations, data could be collected in 3/10 patients with Coach^®and in 7/10 patients with Accurate++^®. Analysis was carried out only for Accurate++^®. Mean values did not differ to mean IVP values. Mean difference to IVP was 0.1 ± 2.8 mmHg (LA: -5.5 to 5.6 mmHg).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Direct IAP measurement was clinically uneventful. Although results of Accurate++^®were comparable to IVP, the device might be too fragile for IAP measurements in the clinical setting. Local ethical committee trial registration: EK2024</p

The Effect of Intra-Abdominal Hypertension Incorporating Severe Acute Pancreatitis in a Porcine Model

Introduction: Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) and intra abdominal hypertension(IAH) are common clinical findings in patients with severe acute pancreatitis(SAP). It is thought that an increased intra abdominal pressure(IAP) is associated with poor prognosis in SAP patients. But the detailed effect of IAH/ACS on different organ system is not clear. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of SAP combined with IAH on hemodynamics, systemic oxygenation, and organ damage in a 12 h lasting porcine model

Pressure transduction and fluid evacuation during conventional negative pressure wound therapy of the open abdomen and NPWT using a protective disc over the intestines

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has gained acceptance among surgeons, for the treatment of open abdomen, since very high closure rates have been reported with this method, compared to other kinds of wound management for the open abdomen. However, the method has occasionally been associated with increased development of fistulae. We have previously shown that NPWT induces ischemia in the underlying small intestines close to the vacuum source, and that a protective disc placed between the intestines and the vacuum source prevents the induction of ischemia. In this study we compare pressure transduction and fluid evacuation of the open abdomen with conventional NPWT and NPWT with a protective disc.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Six pigs underwent midline incision and the application of conventional NPWT and NPWT with a protective disc between the intestines and the vacuum source. The pressure transduction was measured centrally beneath the dressing, and at the anterior abdominal wall, before and after the application of topical negative pressures of -50, -70 and -120 mmHg. The drainage of fluid from the abdomen was measured, with and without the protective disc.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Abdominal drainage was significantly better (p < 0. 001) using NPWT with the protective disc at -120 mmHg (439 ± 25 ml vs. 239 ± 31 ml), at -70 mmHg (341 ± 27 ml vs. 166 ± 9 ml) and at -50 mmHg (350 ± 50 ml vs. 151 ± 21 ml) than with conventional NPWT. The pressure transduction was more even at all pressure levels using NPWT with the protective disc than with conventional NPWT.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The drainage of the open abdomen was significantly more effective when using NWPT with the protective disc than with conventional NWPT. This is believed to be due to the more even and effective pressure transduction in the open abdomen using a protective disc in combination with NPWT.</p

Microvascular blood flow response in the intestinal wall and the omentum during negative wound pressure therapy of the open abdomen

PURPOSE: Higher closure rates of the open abdomen have been reported with negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) compared with other wound therapy techniques. However, the method has occasionally been associated with increased development of intestinal fistulae. The present study measures microvascular blood flow in the intestinal wall and the omentum before and during NPWT. METHODS: Six pigs underwent midline incision and application of NPWT to the open abdomen. The microvascular blood flow in the underlying intestinal loop wall and the omentum was recorded before and after the application of NPWT of -50, -70, -100, -120, -150, and -170 mmHg respectively, using laser Doppler velocimetry. RESULTS: A significant decrease in microvascular blood flow was seen in the intestinal wall during application of all negative pressures levels. The blood flow was 2.7 (±0.2) Perfusion Units (PU) before and 2.0 (±0.2) PU (*p < 0.05) after application of -50 mmHg, and 3.6 (±0.6) PU before and 1.5 (±0.2) PU (**p < 0.01) after application of -170 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, we show that negative pressures between -50 and -170 mmHg induce a significant decrease in the microvascular blood flow in the intestinal wall. The decrease in blood flow increased with the amount of negative pressure applied. One can only speculate that a longstanding decreased blood flow in the intestinal wall may induce ischemia and secondary necrosis in the intestinal wall, which, theoretically, could promote the development of intestinal fistulae. We believe that NPWT of the open abdomen is a very effective treatment but could probably be improved

Increasing abdominal pressure with and without PEEP: effects on intra-peritoneal, intra-organ and intra-vascular pressures

Intra-organ and intra-vascular pressures can be used to estimate intra-abdominal pressure. The aim of this prospective, interventional study was to assess the effect of PEEP on the accuracy of pressure estimation at different measurement sites in a model of increased abdominal pressure