Measuring and testing for gender discrimination in professions: the case of English family doctors

In 2004 the income of female GPs was 70%, and their wages (income per hour) were 91%, of those of male GPs. We compare estimates of gender discrimination from Oaxaca decompositions using models of wages (income/hours), OLS and 2SLS models of income, and propensity score matching. We propose a new direct test for within workplace gender discrimination based on a comparison of the differences in income of female and male GPs in practices in which all GPs are of the same gender with the differences in male and female income in mixed gender practices. We find that the coefficients on log hours in the log income models are positive but significantly less than 1, so that log wage models are misspecified. Discrimination, as measured by the unexplained difference in mean log income varied between 21% to 28%. However, our direct tests could not reject the null hypothesis of no within workplace gender discrimination.Gender discrimination. Professions. Family doctors. Propensity score matching.

Reionization Histories of Milky Way Mass Halos

We investigate the connection between the epoch of reionization and the present day universe, by examining the extended mass reionization histories of dark matter halos identified at z=0. We combine an N-body dark matter simulation of a 600 Mpc volume with a three-dimensional, seminumerical reionization model. This provides reionization redshifts for each particle, which can then be connected with the properties of their halos at the present time. We find that the vast majority of present-day halos with masses larger than ~ few x 10^11 Msun reionize earlier than the rest of the universe. We also find significant halo-to-halo diversity in mass reionization histories, and find that in realistic inhomogenous models, the material within a given halo is not expected to reionize at the same time. In particular, the scatter in reionization times within individual halos is typically larger than the scatter among halos. From our fiducial reionization model, we find that the typical 68% scatter in reionization times within halos is ~ 115 Myr for 10^(12 \pm 0.25) Msun halos, decreasing slightly to ~ 95 Myr for 10^(15 \pm 0.25) Msun halos. We find a mild correlation between reionization history and environment: halos with shorter reionization histories are typically in more clustered environments, with the strongest trend on a scale of ~ 20 Mpc. Material in Milky Way mass halos with short reionization histories is preferentially reionized in relatively large HII regions, implying reionization mostly by sources external to the progenitors of the present-day halo. We investigate the impact on our results of varying the reionization model parameters, which span a range of reionization scenarios with varying timing and morphology.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, 1 table. Submitted to Ap

Peningkatan Kemampuan Belajar Pendapatan Nasional Dengan Komik Ekonomi Pada Siswa Kelas X SMA N 1 Mranggen

The objective of the study was to determine the use of the economics comic medium on the basic competence of national income. This medium was selected since students faced difficulty to understand the concept of the economics. The study took place in SMAN 1 Demak, Mranggen. The subjects were 36 students of X-4 class on the 2nd semester in the academic year of 2011/2012. It was a Classroom Action Research conducted in two cycles. The result of the 1st cycle showed that the average of students\u27 learning outcomes was 71 with classical achievement was 69%, so it increased up to 33% comparing to the initial conditions. In the 2nd cycle, the average of students\u27 learning outcomes was 74 with classical achievement was 86%, it rose by 17% which was better comparing to the 1st cycle

Peningkatan Kemampuan Belajar Perdagangan Internasional Dengan Teka-teki Ekonomi Pada Siswa Kelas Xi-ips

The materials of International trade are full of economic theories and terms which make students difficult to understand the materials, so it needs a medium to facilitate students in learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the use of Economics Puzzle learning media to improve students' understanding of open economy material. It was a Class Action Research with 2 cycles done in SMA N 1 Mranggen at the 2nd semester of the academic year 2013/2014. The subjects of the study were 31 students of class XI IPS 2. The results showed that the average of students' learning outcomes was 73 on the 1st cycle and increased up to 76 on the 2nd cycle. The classical achievement also increased from 87% on the 1st cycle up to 94% on the 2nd cycle

Cosmological Implications of Lyman-Break Galaxy Clustering

We review our analysis of the clustering properties of ``Lyman-break'' galaxies (LBGs) at redshift z~3, previously discussed in Wechsler et al (1998). We examine the likelihood of spikes found by Steidel et al (1998) in the redshift distribution of LBGs, within a suite of models for the evolution of structure in the Universe. Using high-resolution dissipationless N-body simulations, we analyze deep pencil-beam surveys from these models in the same way that they are actually observed, identifying LBGs with the most massive dark matter halos. We find that all the models (with SCDM as a marginal exception) have a substantial probability of producing spikes similar to those observed, because the massive halos are much more clumped than the underlying matter -- i.e., they are biased. Therefore, the likelihood of such a spike is not a good discriminator among these models. The LBG correlation functions are less steep than galaxies today (gamma~1.4), but show similar or slightly longer correlation lengths. We have extened this analysis and include a preliminary comparison to the new data presented in Adelberger et al (1998). We also discuss work in progress, in which we use semi-analytic models to identify Lyman-break galaxies within dark-matter halos.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, Latex, uses aipproc.sty; to appear in the proceedings of the 9th Annual October Maryland Astrophysics Conference, "After the Dark Ages: When the Galaxies Were Young (the Universe at 2<z<5)

The Shape of Dark Matter Halos: Dependence on Mass, Redshift, Radius, and Formation

Using six high resolution dissipationless simulations with a varying box size in a flat LCDM universe, we study the mass and redshift dependence of dark matter halo shapes for M_vir = 9.0e11 - 2.0e14, over the redshift range z=0-3, and for two values of sigma_8=0.75 and 0.9. Remarkably, we find that the redshift, mass, and sigma_8 dependence of the mean smallest-to-largest axis ratio of halos is well described by the simple power-law relation = (0.54 +- 0.02)(M_vir/M_*)^(-0.050 +- 0.003), where s is measured at 0.3 R_vir and the z and sigma_8 dependences are governed by the characteristic nonlinear mass, M_*=M_*(z,sigma_8). We find that the scatter about the mean s is well described by a Gaussian with sigma ~ 0.1, for all masses and redshifts. We compare our results to a variety of previous works on halo shapes and find that reported differences between studies are primarily explained by differences in their methodologies. We address the evolutionary aspects of individual halo shapes by following the shapes of the halos through ~100 snapshots in time. We determine the formation scalefactor a_c as defined by Wechsler et al. (2002) and find that it can be related to the halo shape at z = 0 and its evolution over time.Comment: 18 pages, 21 figures, submitted to MNRA

Penerapan Metode Inkuiri Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar IPA Siswa Kelas IV SD Inpres Bajawali Kecamatan Lariang Kabupaten Mamuju Utara

Penelitian tindakan kelas ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasilbelajar IPA siswa Kelas IV SD Inpres Bajawali Kecamatan Lariang Kabupaten Mamuju Utara. Masalah yang diselidiki adalah rendahnya hasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran IPA. Alternatif pemecahan masalah adalah melalui Penerapan Metode Inkuiri. Penelitian inidilakukan pada siswa Kelas IV SD Inpres Bajawali Kecamatan Lariang Kabupaten Mamuju Utara, dengan jumlah siswa 22 orang. Jenis data yang diperoleh adalah data kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Untuk hasil belajarnya terjadi peningkatan seiring dengan diterapkannya tindakan pembelajaran melalui Penerapan MetodeInkuiri dari siklus I menuju siklus II. Hasil siklus I diperoleh ketuntasan dasar klasikal 73%, aktivitas guru sebesar 88% berada pada kategori baik dan aktivitas siswa sebesar 71% berada pada kategori cukup. Selanjutnya pada siklus II diperoleh ketuntasan belajar klasikal sebesar 87%, aktivitas guru berada pada kategori sangat baik yaitu 96% dan aktivitas siswa berada pada kategori baik yaitu 84%. Berdasarkan indikator penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan metode pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Inkuiri dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA siswa kelas IV SDN Inpres Bajawali Kecamatan Lariang Kabupaten Mamuju Utara

Pemetaan Sebaran Kasus Gizi Buruk Balita Umur 0-59 Bulan di Kota Lhokseumawe Tahun 2012

Severe malnutrition at this time is a matter of special concern in the city of Lhokseumawe, because it may cause a lost generation. Data of malnutrition cases can be presented spatially and can be drawn in a map by using Quantum GIS Software.This research aimed to make a map of the distribution of under five malnutrition cases in the city of Lhokseumawe in 2012. This is a descriptive research. The population were all of under five malnutrition cases and registered at Lhokseumawe Health Office as many as 43 cases in 2012, and all of them were selected as samples. The result showed that out of 43 under five malnutrition cases in Lhokseumawe city, the 15 cases (34.88%) were found in Banda Sakti subdistrict and they were near the beach, the cases with clinical symptom were 15 cases, the cases without clinical symptom were 2 cases (4.65%) and they were spread out the hill and on the side of the road, 8 cases (18.60%) were in radius &lt; 1 km from their houses to health center, 12 cases (27.91%) were in radius &lt; 1 km to the hospital, and 1 case (2.33%) died in radius &lt; 1 km to the hospital. By using Quantum GIS software through Geographic Information System (GIS), it would be easy for Health Office of Lhokseumawe City and health centers in making intervention to malnutrition countermeasure