АНЕСТЕЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ И ИНТЕНСИВНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ В ПЕРИОПЕРАЦИОННОМ ПЕРИОДЕ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ЛЕГОЧНОЙ ГИПЕРТЕНЗИЕЙ, ВЫЗВАННОЙ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ ЛЕВЫХ ОТДЕЛОВ СЕРДЦА

Nowadays, the term "pulmonary hypertension" (PH) means a pathophysiological condition that may involve multiple clinical conditions and complicate the majority of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Clinical classification identifies 5 groups of pulmonary hypertension. This review focuses on group 2 - pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH due to LHD). In the general structure it takes about 80%. In routine practice, the contribution of this pathology to main disease is often underestimated, which can lead to increased mortality. The purpose of the literature review is to systematize and provide anesthesiologists with information on modern approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of PH due to LHD. The review presents data of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of this condition, describes the key concepts of adequate anesthetic management and effective intensive treatment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with left heart diseases.В настоящее время под термином «легочная гипертензия» трактуют патофизиологическое состояние, которое может включать разнообразные клинические состояния и осложнять течение большинства сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и заболеваний системы дыхания. Современная классификация выделяет пять типов легочной гипертензии. Данный обзор посвящен второй группе ‒ легочной гипертензии, ассоциированной с заболеваниями левых отделов сердца. В общей структуре на ее долю приходится около 80%. В рутинной практике вклад этого состояния в течение основного заболевания часто недооценивается, что может приводить к повышению летальности. Цель ‒ систематизация данных и предоставление анестезиологам-реаниматологам сведений о современных подходах к диагностике и лечению легочной гипертензии второй группы. В обзоре приведены данные об эпидемиологии и патогенезе данного состояния, дано описание ключевых подходов адекватного анестезиологического обеспечения и эффективной интенсивной терапии легочной гипертензии у пациентов с заболеваниями левых отделов сердца

Comparative phylogeography of parasitic Laelaps mites contribute new insights into the specialist-generalist variation hypothesis (SGVH)

BACKGROUND: The specialist-generalist variation hypothesis (SGVH) in parasites suggests that, due to patchiness in habitat (host availability), specialist species will show more subdivided population structure when compared to generalist species. In addition, since specialist species are more prone to local stochastic extinction events with their hosts, they will show lower levels of intraspecific genetic diversity when compared to more generalist. RESULTS: To test the wider applicability of the SGVH we compared 337 cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial DNA and 268 nuclear tropomyosin DNA sequenced fragments derived from two co-distributed Laelaps mite species and compared the data to 294 COI mtDNA sequences derived from the respective hosts Rhabdomys dilectus, R. bechuanae, Mastomys coucha and M. natalensis. In support of the SGVH, the generalist L. muricola was characterized by a high mtDNA haplotypic diversity of 0.97 (±0.00) and a low level of population differentiation (mtDNA Fst= 0.56, p < 0.05; nuDNA Fst = 0.33, P < 0.05) while the specialist L. giganteus was overall characterized by a lower haplotypic diversity of 0.77 (±0.03) and comparatively higher levels of population differentiation (mtDNA Fst = 0.87, P < 0.05; nuDNA Fst = 0.48, P < 0.05). When the two specialist L. giganteus lineages, which occur on two different Rhabdomys species, are respectively compared to the generalist parasite, L. muricola, the SGVH is not fully supported. One of the specialist L. giganteus species occurring on R. dilectus shows similar low levels of population differentiation (mtDNA Fst= 0.53, P < 0. 05; nuDNA Fst= 0.12, P < 0.05) than that found for the generalist L. muricola. This finding can be correlated to differences in host dispersal: R. bechuanae populations are characterized by a differentiated mtDNA Fst of 0.79 (P < 0.05) while R. dilectus populations are less structured with a mtDNA Fst= 0.18 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that in ectoparasites, host specificity and the vagility of the host are both important drivers for parasite dispersal. It is proposed that the SGHV hypothesis should also incorporate reference to host dispersal since in our case only the specialist species who occur on less mobile hosts showed more subdivided population structure when compared to generalist species

An Oral Developmental Neurotoxicity Study of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (DecaBDE) in Rats

Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE; CASRN 1163-19-5) is a flame retardant used in a variety of manufactured products. A single oral dose of 20.1 mg/kg administered to mice on postnatal day 3 has been reported to alter motor activity at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. METHODS: To further evaluate these results, a developmental neurotoxicity study was conducted in the most commonly used species for studies of this type, the rat, according to international validated testing guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice Standards. DecaBDE was administered orally via gavage in corn oil to dams from gestation day 6 to weaning at doses of 0, 1, 10, 100, or 1,000 mg/kg/day. Standard measures of growth, development, and neurological endpoints were evaluated in the offspring. Motor activity was assessed at 2 months of age. Additional motor activity assessments were conducted at 4 and 6 months of age. Neuropathology and morphometry evaluations of the offspring were performed at weaning and adulthood. RESULTS: No treatment-related neurobehavioral changes were observed in detailed clinical observations, startle response, or learning and memory tests. No test substance-related changes were noted in motor activity assessments performed at 2, 4, or 6 months of age. Finally, no treatment-related neuropathological or morphometric alterations were found. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level for developmental neurotoxicity of DecaBDE was 1,000 mg/kg/day, the highest dose tested

Nanotubes from Misfit Layered Compounds: A New Family of Materials with Low Dimensionality

Nanotubes that are formed from layered materials have emerged to be exciting one-dimensional materials in the last two decades due to their remarkable structures and properties. Misfit layered compounds (MLC) can be produced from alternating assemblies of two different molecular slabs with different periodicities with the general formula [(MX)1+x]m[TX2]n (or more simply MS-TS2), where M is Sn, Pb, Bi, Sb, rare earths, T is Sn, Nb, Ta, Ti, V, Cr, and so on, and X is S, Se. The presence of misfit stresses between adjacent layers in MLC provides a driving force for curling of the layers that acts in addition to the elimination of dangling bonds. The combination of these two independent forces leads to the synthesis of misfit layered nanotubes, which are newcomers to the broad field of one-dimensional nanostructures and nanotubes. The synthesis, characterization, and microscopic details of misfit layered nanotubes are discussed, and directions for future research are presente