Syntheses, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Screening of N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-nitrobenzenesulphonamide and its Cu(I), Ni(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) Complexes

N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-nitrobenzenesulphonamide (NBS2ABT) was synthesized by the condensation of 2-aminobenzothiazole and 2-nitrobenzenesulphonylchloride under reflux. Five metal complexes of Cu(I), Ni(II), Mn(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) of the ligands were synthesized. The compounds were characterized using magnetic susceptibility measurements, mass spectrometry, elemental microanalysis, UV/VIS spectrophotometry, infra red, 1H and 13C nmr spectroscopies. The antimicrobial tests of the ligands and its metal complexes were carried out on both multi-resistant bacterial strains isolated under clinical conditions and cultured species using agar-well diffusion method. The multi-resistant bacterial strains used were E. coli, Proteus species, P. aeroginosa and S. aureus which were isolated from dogs. The culture species were P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), E. coli (ATCC 25922), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), and the fungi, C. krusei (ATCC 6258) and C. albicans (ATCC 90028). The tests were both in vitro and in vivo. The antimicrobial activities of the compounds were compared with those of Ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole as antibacterial agents and Fluconazole as an antifungal drug. All the compounds showed varying activities against the cultured typed bacteria and fungi used. The Lethal Concentration (LC50) ranged from 5.00±0.86-618.90±30.8 ppm. These are within the permissible concentrations. Key words: N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-nitrobenzenesulphonamide, Metal complexes, Antimicrobial, Ligan

Anti-trypanosomal activity of secnidazole in vitro and in vivo

Purpose: To evaluate the anti-trypanosomal effect of secnidazole (SEC) in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The dose-response effect of SEC in Trypanosoma b. brucei infected rats was evaluated in five groups of rats (n = 5). Group A was infected but untreated; B was given diminazene aceturate (DA) (3.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, while groups C, D and E received orally 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg of SEC, respectively. The effect of a combination therapy of SEC and DA was studied in 7 groups of rats (n =5). Group 1 was infected but untreated; groups 2 – 7 were treated with DA (3.5 mg/kg), while groups 3 – 7 received in addition to DA, increasing double doses of SEC (50 – 800 mg/kg).Results: The MIC of SEC and DA were 1.4 and 0.0021 mg/ml respectively. SEC dose-dependently and significantly (p < 0.05) lowered parasitemia from day 2 post-treatment (PT) compared with infected untreated rats. Parasitemia was cleared 3 days PT in all combination groups and 5 days PT in DA group. Relapse of infection occurred in Group 2, 13 days PT, and 16 and 27 days PT in Groups 3 and 4 respectively. There was no relapse of infection in Groups 5 – 7 up to 70 days PT.Conclusion: These results suggest that SEC possesses some degree of  anti-trypanosomal effect, and that combination therapy of SEC and DA was superior to DA alone.Keywords: Trypanosoma, Secnidazole, Diminazene aceturate, Anti-trypanosomal, Combination therap

Bio-oil production from co-pyrolysis of rice husk and plastic waste

Bio-oil has been produced from the co-pyrolytic reaction of rice husk and 2 grades of plastic wastes (LDPE and PET). The effect of catalysis on the yield was considered while the physicochemical properties of the products were evaluated and a comparison drawn between the properties of the oil and that of the commercial grade diesel. FT-IR and GC-MS analysis were also used to characterize the samples. Furthermore, the performance of a DI diesel engine was evaluated using both grades of oil. Results showed an improved yield of the oil through catalysis. The heating value and cetane number of the pyrolysis oil closely compared with commercial-grade diesel. Chemical compound identification through the GC-MS analysis showed the bio-oil to comprise mainly of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. FT-IR analysis of the by-product bio-char upon comparison with FT-IR analysis of the rice husk biomass confirmed the chemical modification of the biomass after the pyrolysis process.  From the result of this work, co-pyrolysis of both feedstock gave rise to high grade oil whose properties compares favorably with the commercial grade diesel. This is therefore an interesting alternative to fossil fuel whereas the improved properties indicate that it could have a better performance than a single biomass in terms of fuel properties

Syntheses, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Screening of N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)benzenesulphonamide and its Cu(I), Ni(II), Mn(II), Co(II), and Zn(II) Complexes

N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)benzenesulphonamide (BS2ABT) was synthesized by the condensation (by refluxing) of 2-aminobenzothiazole and benzenesulphonylchloride in acetone at 140ºC. The resulting crude precipitates were recrystallized from dimethylformamide (DMF). Five metal complexes of copper(I), nickel(II), manganese(II), cobalt(II) and zinc(II) of the ligands were synthesized. The compounds were characterized using magnetic susceptibility measurements, UV/VIS spectrophotometry, infra red, proton and 13C nmr spectroscopies. The antimicrobial tests of the ligands and its metal complexes were carried out on both multi-resistant bacterial strains isolated under clinical conditions and cultured species using agar-well diffusion method. The multi-resistant bacterial strains used were Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus which were isolated from dogs. The culture species were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia Coli (ATCC 25922) Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), and the fungi, Candida krusei (ATCC 6258) and Candida albicans (ATCC 90028). The tests were both in vitro and in vivo. Thus the Inhibition Zone Diameter (IZD), the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and the Lethal and Effective Concentrations (LC50 and EC50) were determined. The antimicrobial activities of the compounds were compared with those of Ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole as antibacterial agents and Fluconazole as an antifungal drug. All the compounds showed varying activities against the cultured typed bacteria and fungi used. However, they were less active than the standard drugs used except Fluconazole which did not show any activity against Candida krusei (ATCC 6258) but most of the compounds synthesized were very active against it. The Lethal Concentration (LC50) ranged from 26.25±4.9-1833.88±186.92 ppm. These are within the permissible concentrations

Acute Toxicity and Hepatotoxicokinetic Studies of Tamarindus indica Extract

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