Packing Similarities and Synthon Variabilities in Aminopyridinium Sulfoisophthalates

Different salts of 5-sulfoisophthalic acid with aminosubstituted monocyclic Lewis bases, 2-aminipyridine, 3-aminopyridine, 4-aminopyridine, 2,6-diaminopyridine, have been prepared and studied by means of X-ray crystallography, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis and differental scanning calorimetry methods. The crystal networks have been analyzed in view of competitive hydrogen bond interactions issued between multiple functional groups in different topological and stoichiomeric combinations allowing for formation of variable synthons. A statistical analysis of the most prominent homo- and heteromeric motifs, which can be formed between the functional groups, has been performed with the use of the Mercury Solid Form module in order to look for preferred interactions in extended network formation. Eighteen different synthons are used in the presented crystal networks, some of which are really prolific and others are unique. The role of water molecule for the network formations using four different water synthons is also elucidated

Arbuscular mycorrhiza and fungal root endophytes of weeds in an altitudinal gradient in the Pamir Alai Mountains of Central Asia

<p>Arbuscular mycorrhiza and fungal root endophytes of three weeds, <i>Galium tricornutum</i>, <i>Lycopsis orientalis</i> and <i>Scandix pecten-veneris</i>, were studied in an altitudinal gradient of the Pamir Alai Mountains. Colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was found in all species. Only in the case of <i>G. tricornutum</i> was there a rise in mycorrhizal parameters values found for the medium altitude range. Similar tendencies were observed in the case of the AMF colonisation potential assessment. This suggests that plant species' identity, dependency on symbiosis and interactions with soil properties determine root colonisation and the abundance of AMF in soils at the elevations in question. Four AMF species, <i>Claroideoglomus claroideum</i>, <i>Funneliformis mosseae</i>, <i>Scutellospora dipurpurescens</i> and <i>Septoglomus constrictum</i>, were isolated from trap cultures established on soil taken from under the weeds. Dark septate endophytes (DSE) accompanied the AMF in the roots of <i>G. tricornutum</i> and <i>S. pecten-veneris</i>; however, they were neither frequently occurring nor abundant. The sporangia of <i>Olpidium</i> spp. were observed with low frequency occurrence in <i>G. tricornutum</i> and <i>S. pecten-veneris</i> and more often in the roots of <i>L</i>. <i>orientalis</i>. However, in both cases, they were low in abundance. No differences were found for the presence of DSE and <i>Olpidium</i> in the altitudinal gradient.</p

The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: A Renewed Call to Participation

Over the past two decades, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) Staging Project has been a steady source of evidence-based recommendations for the TNM classification for lung cancer published by the Union for International Cancer Control and the American Joint Committee on Cancer. The Staging and Prognostic Factors Committee of the IASLC is now issuing a call for participation in the next phase of the project, which is designed to inform the ninth edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. Following the case recruitment model for the eighth edition database, volunteer site participants are asked to submit data on patients whose lung cancer was diagnosed between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2019, to the project by means of a secure, electronic data capture system provided by Cancer Research And Biostatistics in Seattle, Washington. Alternatively, participants may transfer existing data sets. The continued success of the IASLC Staging Project in achieving its objectives will depend on the extent of international participation, the degree to which cases are entered directly into the electronic data capture system, and how closely externally submitted cases conform to the data elements for the project