The impact of samurthi program in ethnic violated areas: a special analysis focusing on Sammanthurai zone 'D'

After more than several decade of development effort poverty still remains as a major problem in Sri Lanka within the war induced area. In order to alleviate poverty is a specific program to which increasing attention is now being directed by all development countries. The present paper attempts to analyze the impact of Samurthi program within the ethnic violated areas of Sammmanthurai. These research areas are mostly affected by the ethnic riots in 1989. Due to the ethnic riots, the communities' socio economic up liftment was destroyed and they were displaced from their place of origin relocated to other areas of Sammanthurai. After that the returnees were assisted by Government of Sri Lanka to restart their life with small grant. But at now the effected communities are mostly getting benefits by Samuthi rather than the non effected communities. This research analyzed with special focus on poor rural effected communities comparatively. The main objective of the research is to identifying the impact of Samurthi program for reducing vulnerability and poverty in ethnic violated areas. This research is conducted through primary, secondary sources which are questionnaire survey, key informant interview and discussions with the relevant Samurthi beneficiaries. Primary data collected from structured interview with key informants, 07 people were interviewed. And 76 questionnaires were given to 11 Giram Nilathari Divisions and collected data from Beneficiaries. In addition to that interpretive, qualitative methods have been adopted in this research. The finding of the research revealed that the program is an important role for reduction of rural poverty among this area 23.68% people benefited by Samurthi and the other 76.32% of people were not benefited. Most of beneficiaries were widow, widower, divorced and vulnerable people. Further non educated communities are unsatisfactory with regard to Samurthi. There are 44.73 % of beneficiaries say as satisfactory. 14.47 % beneficiaries say well and the others are unsatisfactory. The loan system of Samurthi Bank is much appreciated. The total numbers of community had taken loan from Samurthi Bank. 48 women are maintaining their account on their own. Further, just 14 beneficiaries are gaining income between 2000- 4000 rupees and the other are below. The total number of community have voluntary saving system in the empowerment rate is high among them; it is as calculated 79%. In my conclusion, 1 proved, Samurthi program is an important role for poverty reduction among absolute poverty line community in this area, but still the communities are under difficulties due to the past ethnic conflict

Education, Religion and the Creation of Subject: Different Educational Systems of Pakistan

Educational systems have assumed great sociological significance in modern nation states because education is the only instrument which provides the possibilities to progress and prosper in the world today. It has put a lot of power in the designers of education systems. This paper argues that the three different educational systems of Pakistan have very different historical origins, pedagogical style and curriculum. Therefore, the students of these schools develop totally different worldviews. I argue that this difference in basic outlook towards life among different subgroups of population is one of the major reasons for the religious violence and terrorism in Pakistan

Lead Removal from Agricultural Soil of Kurdistan Region by Fe3O4 Nanoparticles

Lead toxicity became a major concern worldwide and it is one of the most harmful pollutants in soil and groundwater. Hence, to remove lead from the soil, a high efficient technology with improved materials and system is required. This paper is a study shows removing of lead ions from soil samples, which have been taken from different sites in the Kurdistan Region, and investigated the adsorption of lead ions on high efficient adsorbent Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The magnetite nanoparticles of 27nm were synthesized by using a co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The adsorption experiments occurred at pH 8.0 under room temperature (25 °C) and the adsorption capacity was 22.8 mg/g which is 4 times higher than that of coarse particles. The correlation is measured between pH and absorbance, pH and concentration, electrical conductivity and concentration of lead ions in agricultural soil. These relationships indicate that the correlation coefficient values of (r = - 0.68, – 0.70 and + 0.83) are statistically significant at (ɑ= 0.05). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.73 mg/L and 2.44 mg/L, respectively

A Concise Study of Web Filtering

Cybercriminals are constantly developing techniques to infect computers by embedding malicious code on innocent websites and luring victims to them. To prevent data loss in a mobile connected world, corporations are employing a variety of techniques. These include filters, anti-virus software, encryption and firewalls, access control, written policies and improved employee training. This paper conducts a concise study of web filtering vis-Ã -vis their installed positions, deployment layers, employed filter technologies and comparison between Web Filters that are in place in Canada, United Kingdom, and China

Drag and Drop Image CAPTCHA

The massive and automated access to Web resources through robots has made it essential for Web service providers to make some conclusion about whether a user is human or robot. A Human Interaction Proof (HIP) like Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) offers a way to make such a distinction. CAPTCHA is essentially a modern implementation of Turing test, which carries out its job through a particular text based, image based or audio based challenge response system. In this paper we present a new image based CAPTCHA technique. Properties of the proposed technique offer all of the benefits of image based CAPTCHAs; grant an improved security control over the usual text based techniques and at the same time improve the user-friendliness of the Web page. Further, the paper briefly reviews various other existing CAPTCHA techniques