Improved Expansion and In Vivo Function of Patient T Cells by a Serum-free Medium

Improvements to T cell culture systems that promote long-term engraftment and function of adoptively transferred T cells will likely result in superior clinical benefit to more individuals. To this end, we recently developed a chemically defined cell culture medium that robustly expands all T cell subsets in the absence of human serum. Using a humanized mouse model, we observed that T cells expanded in the absence of human serum provided durable control of tumors, whereas T cells expanded in medium supplemented with human serum only mediated transient control of tumor growth. Importantly, our new medium effectively expanded more differentiated T cells from multiple myeloma patients in the absence of serum. These patient-derived T cells were also able to provide durable control of B cell tumors in vivo, and this long-term control of cancer was lost when T cells were expanded in the presence of serum. Thus, engineered T cells expanded in an optimized medium in the absence of serum may have improved therapeutic potential

The influence of a hydraulic prosthetic ankle on residual limb loading during sloped walking

<div><p>In recent years, numerous prosthetic ankle-foot devices have been developed to address the demands of sloped walking for individuals with lower-limb amputation. The goal of this study was to compare the performance of a passive, hydraulic ankle-foot prosthesis to two related, non-hydraulic ankles based on their ability to minimize the socket reaction moments of individuals with transtibial amputation during a range of sloped walking tasks. After a two-week accommodation period, kinematic data were collected on seven subjects with a transtibial amputation walking on an instrumented treadmill set at various slopes. Overall, this study was unable to find significant differences in the torque at the distal end of the prosthetic socket between an ankle-foot prosthesis with a hydraulic range-of-motion and other related ankle-foot prosthesis designs (rigid ankle, multiaxial ankle) during the single-support phase of walking. In addition, socket comfort and perceived exertion were not significantly different for any of the ankle-foot prostheses tested in this study. These results suggest the need for further work to determine if more advanced designs (e.g., those with microprocessor control of hydraulic features, powered ankle-foot designs) can provide more biomimetic function to prosthesis users.</p></div

Mean socket comfort score (+ 1 standard deviation) across sloped walking conditions (RIGID = light gray, MULTI = gray, HYDRA = black).

<p>This 11-point scale ranges from 0 (worst comfort imaginable) to 10 (greatest comfort imaginable).</p

(A) Minimum and (B) maximum SVA (+ 1 standard deviation) during single-limb support (control = white, RIGID = light gray, MULTI = gray, HYDRA = black).

<p>Positive angles correspond to a reclined shank posture (i.e., the posture that would be expected at initial contact). An asterisk (*) indicates a statistically significant within-group difference (p<0.05) between level and the sloped walking condition across all prosthetic feet.</p