3,190 research outputs found
Adjointness Relations as a Criterion for Choosing an Inner Product
This is a contribution to the forthcoming book "Canonical Gravity: {}From
Classical to Quantum" edited by J. Ehlers and H. Friedrich. Ashtekar's
criterion for choosing an inner product in the quantisation of constrained
systems is discussed. An erroneous claim in a previous paper is corrected and a
cautionary example is presented.Comment: 6 pages, MPA-AR-94-
Pseudospectral Model Predictive Control under Partially Learned Dynamics
Trajectory optimization of a controlled dynamical system is an essential part
of autonomy, however many trajectory optimization techniques are limited by the
fidelity of the underlying parametric model. In the field of robotics, a lack
of model knowledge can be overcome with machine learning techniques, utilizing
measurements to build a dynamical model from the data. This paper aims to take
the middle ground between these two approaches by introducing a semi-parametric
representation of the underlying system dynamics. Our goal is to leverage the
considerable information contained in a traditional physics based model and
combine it with a data-driven, non-parametric regression technique known as a
Gaussian Process. Integrating this semi-parametric model with model predictive
pseudospectral control, we demonstrate this technique on both a cart pole and
quadrotor simulation with unmodeled damping and parametric error. In order to
manage parametric uncertainty, we introduce an algorithm that utilizes Sparse
Spectrum Gaussian Processes (SSGP) for online learning after each rollout. We
implement this online learning technique on a cart pole and quadrator, then
demonstrate the use of online learning and obstacle avoidance for the dubin
vehicle dynamics.Comment: Accepted but withdrawn from AIAA Scitech 201
Density of states of a two-dimensional electron gas in a non-quantizing magnetic field
We study local density of electron states of a two-dimentional conductor with
a smooth disorder potential in a non-quantizing magnetic field, which does not
cause the standart de Haas-van Alphen oscillations. It is found, that despite
the influence of such ``classical'' magnetic field on the average electron
density of states (DOS) is negligibly small, it does produce a significant
effect on the DOS correlations. The corresponding correlation function exhibits
oscillations with the characteristic period of cyclotron quantum
.Comment: 7 pages, including 3 figure
Effects of two dimensional plasmons on the tunneling density of states
We show that gapless plasmons lead to a universal
correction to the tunneling
density of states of a clean two dimensional Coulomb interacting electron gas.
We also discuss a counterpart of this effect in the "composite fermion metal"
which forms in the presence of a quantizing perpendicular magnetic field
corresponding to the half-filled Landau level. We argue that the latter
phenomenon might be relevant for deviations from a simple scaling observed by
A.Chang et al in the tunneling characteristics of Quantum Hall liquids.Comment: 12 pages, Latex, NORDITA repor
On the support of the Ashtekar-Lewandowski measure
We show that the Ashtekar-Isham extension of the classical configuration
space of Yang-Mills theories (i.e. the moduli space of connections) is
(topologically and measure-theoretically) the projective limit of a family of
finite dimensional spaces associated with arbitrary finite lattices. These
results are then used to prove that the classical configuration space is
contained in a zero measure subset of this extension with respect to the
diffeomorphism invariant Ashtekar-Lewandowski measure.
Much as in scalar field theory, this implies that states in the quantum
theory associated with this measure can be realized as functions on the
``extended" configuration space.Comment: 22 pages, Tex, Preprint CGPG-94/3-
A subalgebra of the Hardy algebra relevant in control theory and its algebraic-analytic properties
We denote by A_0+AP_+ the Banach algebra of all complex-valued functions f
defined in the closed right half plane, such that f is the sum of a holomorphic
function vanishing at infinity and a ``causal'' almost periodic function. We
give a complete description of the maximum ideal space M(A_0+AP_+) of A_0+AP_+.
Using this description, we also establish the following results:
(1) The corona theorem for A_0+AP_+.
(2) M(A_0+AP_+) is contractible (which implies that A_0+AP_+ is a projective
free ring).
(3) A_0+AP_+ is not a GCD domain.
(4) A_0+AP_+ is not a pre-Bezout domain.
(5) A_0+AP_+ is not a coherent ring.
The study of the above algebraic-anlaytic properties is motivated by
applications in the frequency domain approach to linear control theory, where
they play an important role in the stabilization problem.Comment: 17 page
On the Relation between Rigging Inner Product and Master Constraint Direct Integral Decomposition
Canonical quantisation of constrained systems with first class constraints
via Dirac's operator constraint method proceeds by the thory of Rigged Hilbert
spaces, sometimes also called Refined Algebraic Quantisation (RAQ). This method
can work when the constraints form a Lie algebra. When the constraints only
close with nontrivial structure functions, the Rigging map can no longer be
defined.
To overcome this obstacle, the Master Constraint Method has been proposed
which replaces the individual constraints by a weighted sum of absolute squares
of the constraints. Now the direct integral decomposition methods (DID), which
are closely related to Rigged Hilbert spaces, become available and have been
successfully tested in various situations.
It is relatively straightforward to relate the Rigging Inner Product to the
path integral that one obtains via reduced phase space methods. However, for
the Master Constraint this is not at all obvious. In this paper we find
sufficient conditions under which such a relation can be established. Key to
our analysis is the possibility to pass to equivalent, Abelian constraints, at
least locally in phase space. Then the Master Constraint DID for those Abelian
constraints can be directly related to the Rigging Map and therefore has a path
integral formulation.Comment: 25 page
A Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Microlensing II. Random Images, Shear, and the Kac-Rice Formula
Continuing our development of a mathematical theory of stochastic
microlensing, we study the random shear and expected number of random lensed
images of different types. In particular, we characterize the first three
leading terms in the asymptotic expression of the joint probability density
function (p.d.f.) of the random shear tensor at a general point in the lens
plane due to point masses in the limit of an infinite number of stars. Up to
this order, the p.d.f. depends on the magnitude of the shear tensor, the
optical depth, and the mean number of stars through a combination of radial
position and the stars' masses. As a consequence, the p.d.f.s of the shear
components are seen to converge, in the limit of an infinite number of stars,
to shifted Cauchy distributions, which shows that the shear components have
heavy tails in that limit. The asymptotic p.d.f. of the shear magnitude in the
limit of an infinite number of stars is also presented. Extending to general
random distributions of the lenses, we employ the Kac-Rice formula and Morse
theory to deduce general formulas for the expected total number of images and
the expected number of saddle images. We further generalize these results by
considering random sources defined on a countable compact covering of the light
source plane. This is done to introduce the notion of {\it global} expected
number of positive parity images due to a general lensing map. Applying the
result to microlensing, we calculate the asymptotic global expected number of
minimum images in the limit of an infinite number of stars, where the stars are
uniformly distributed. This global expectation is bounded, while the global
expected number of images and the global expected number of saddle images
diverge as the order of the number of stars.Comment: To appear in JM
Hudson's Theorem for finite-dimensional quantum systems
We show that, on a Hilbert space of odd dimension, the only pure states to
possess a non-negative Wigner function are stabilizer states. The Clifford
group is identified as the set of unitary operations which preserve positivity.
The result can be seen as a discrete version of Hudson's Theorem. Hudson
established that for continuous variable systems, the Wigner function of a pure
state has no negative values if and only if the state is Gaussian. Turning to
mixed states, it might be surmised that only convex combinations of stabilizer
states give rise to non-negative Wigner distributions. We refute this
conjecture by means of a counter-example. Further, we give an axiomatic
characterization which completely fixes the definition of the Wigner function
and compare two approaches to stabilizer states for Hilbert spaces of
prime-power dimensions. In the course of the discussion, we derive explicit
formulas for the number of stabilizer codes defined on such systems.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures; References updated. Title changed to match
published version. See also quant-ph/070200
Ionisation by quantised electromagnetic fields: The photoelectric effect
In this paper we explain the photoelectric effect in a variant of the
standard model of non relativistic quantum electrodynamics, which is in some
aspects more closely related to the physical picture, than the one studied in
[BKZ]: Now we can apply our results to an electron with more than one bound
state and to a larger class of electron-photon interactions. We will specify a
situation, where ionisation probability in second order is a weighted sum of
single photon terms. Furthermore we will see, that Einstein's equality
for the maximal kinetic energy of
the electron, energy of the photon and ionisation gap
is the crucial condition for these single photon terms to be nonzero.Comment: 59 pages, LATEX2
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