Female Scent Signals Enhances Male Resistance to Influenza

Scent of receptive females as signal to reproduction stimulate male mice to olfactory search of a potential breeding partner^1, 2^. This searching behavior is coupled with infection risk due to bacterial contamination of the fecal and urine scent marks^4^. The theoretical consideration of host evolution under inevitable parasitic pressures, including helminthes, bacteria, virus etc., predicts adaptations that help protect against parasites associated with breeding^7^. In this study, we propose that acceptation of female signals by male mice leads to adaptive redistribution of immune defense directed to protection against respiratory infection risks. Our results reveal migration of macrophages and neutrophils to upper airways upon exposure to female odor stimulus resulting in increased resistance to influenza virus in male mice. Contrary to widely accepted immunosuppressive function of female sexual signals, our data provide the first demonstration of the adaptive immunological response to female odor stimulus through induction of nonspecific immune response in upper airways

Differential sensitivity of brainstem vs cortical astrocytes to changes in pH reveals functional regional specialization of astroglia

Astrocytes might function as brain interoceptors capable of detecting different (chemo)sensory modalities and transmitting sensory information to the relevant neural networks controlling vital functions. For example, astrocytes which reside near the ventral surface of the brainstem (central respiratory chemosensitive area) respond to physiological decreases in pH with vigorous elevations in intracellular Ca(2+) and release of ATP. ATP transmits astroglial excitation to the brainstem respiratory network and contributes to adaptive changes in lung ventilation. Here we show that in terms of pH-sensitivity ventral brainstem astrocytes are clearly distinct from astrocytes residing in the cerebral cortex. We monitored vesicular fusion in cultured rat brainstem astrocytes using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and found that approximately 35% of them respond to acidification with an increased rate of exocytosis of ATP-containing vesicular compartments. These fusion events require intracellular Ca(2+) signaling and are independent of autocrine ATP actions. In contrast, the rate of vesicular fusion in cultured cortical astrocytes is not affected by changes in pH. Compared to cortical astrocytes, ventral brainstem astrocytes display higher levels of expression of genes encoding proteins associated with ATP vesicular transport and fusion, including vesicle-associated membrane protein-3 and vesicular nucleotide transporter. These results suggest that astrocytes residing in different parts of the rat brain are functionally specialized. In contrast to cortical astrocytes, astrocytes of the brainstem chemosensitive area(s) possess signaling properties which are functionally relevant – they are able to sense changes in pH and respond to acidification with enhanced vesicular release of ATP

Periodicity of professional pedagogical education within bachelor’s and master’s programmes in natural sciences

The article provides grounding and a methodological macro-development basis for a system periodic model of professional pedagogical education within bachelor's and master’s programmes in natural sciences. In the abovementioned context, periodicity is regarded as a universally applicable procedural basis for multilevel continuous professional pedagogical education in the sphere of natural sciences. A key category of system periodic model of professional pedagogical education within bachelor's and master’s programmes in natural sciences is a didactic cycle characterised by purposefulness, internal system integrity, dynamism, iterativity, controllability and hierarchy of levels based on phase logic. Didactic cycle is represented as a dual procedure of development of subject-subject relations oriented to correlation changes of self-balancing systems depending on quantitative augmentation in a form of grasping of content of professional pedagogical education within bachelor's and master’s programmes in natural sciences to qualitative personal transformations. Realisation of the hierarchy position is realised as macro-didactic, mesodidactic and micro-didactic cycles within the structure of a system model. Their attributive signs are goals, peculiarities of learning activity within the process of subject-subject dialogic interaction, types of solved tasks and performance. We have defined and characterised specificity of phases of didactic cycle: initiatives and perspectives, designing, implementation, assessment of results.peer-reviewe

Photooxygenation of furans in water and ionic liquid solutions

Photooxygenation of differently functionalized furans is investigated in aqueous solutions and in ionic liquids [emim]Br and [bmim]BF4. The reaction is generally selective and the final products derive from rearrangement of the intermediate endoperoxides, depending mainly on the polarity and/or nucleophilic nature of the solvent

Trends of the major porin gene (ompF) evolution

OmpF is one of the major general porins of Enterobacteriaceae that belongs to the first line of bacterial defense and interactions with the biotic as well as abiotic environments. Porins are surface exposed and their structures strongly reflect the history of multiple interactions with the environmental challenges. Unfortunately, little is known on diversity of porin genes of Enterobacteriaceae and the genus Yersinia especially. We analyzed the sequences of the ompF gene from 73 Yersinia strains covering 14 known species. The phylogenetic analysis placed most of the Yersinia strains in the same line assigned by 16S rDNA-gyrB tree. Very high congruence in the tree topologies was observed for Y. enterocolitica, Y. kristensenii, Y. ruckeri, indicating that intragenic recombination in these species had no effect on the ompF gene. A significant level of intra- and interspecies recombination was found for Y. aleksiciae, Y. intermedia and Y. mollaretii. Our analysis shows that the ompF gene of Yersinia has evolved with nonrandom mutational rate under purifying selection. However, several surface loops in the OmpF porin contain positively selected sites, which very likely reflect adaptive diversification Yersinia to their ecological niches. To our knowledge, this is a first investigation of diversity of the porin gene covering the whole genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae. This study demonstrates that recombination and positive selection both contribute to evolution of ompF, but the relative contribution of these evolutionary forces are different among Yersinia species

Proses Literasi Matematis Dikaji dari Content Space And Shape dalam Materi Geometri di SMA

The purpose of this research is to explain the mathematics literacy process reviewed from the content space and shape on the geometry subject at the tenth grade of MIA 1 students of SMAN 6 Pontianak in academic year 2015/2016. The research method used is descriptive research with case study. The subject of this research is six students. The result of analyzing data indicated that mathematics literacy process in communication aspect, the students are not disposed in supposing their thought result and disturb when represent the step of solution correctly. In representation aspect, most of the students can present the contextual problem in the form of picture. In reasoning and argumentation aspects, the students are able in giving the logical expression which is completed by reason and picture until getting the reasonable conclusion. In problem solving strategy planning aspect, the students still face difficulty in solving the problems which needs procedur solution and planning solution, not only by using the formula

Pengembangan Notifikasi Email untuk Keamanan Port Menggunakan Metode Port Knocking

Port Knocking merupakan suatu metode yang digunakan untuk menutup seluruh akses pada port tertentu dan seorang client dapat melakukan akses pada port tersebut ketika telah berhasil melakukan serangkaian ketukan port kepada beberapa port yang telah diatur sebagai port pemicu. Hal itu menjadi masalah ketika clent yang tidak berhak melakukan remote access ke port mikrotik dan rentan terhadap serangan dari luar yang ingin mengambil informasi dari mikrotik. Keamanan port pada mikrotik dengan metode port knocking dengan teknik menyembunyikan port adalah solusi untuk mengamankan port dari client yang tidak diizinkan untuk melakukan remote access.Metode yang digunakan meliputi empat tahap pengerjaan, yaitu analisis, perancangan, implementasi, dan pengujian. Tahap analisis dilakukan pengamatan masalah pada instansi dan kebutuhan dalam proses implementasi. Tahap perancangan dilakukan pemetaan terhadap topologi ruang lingkup dalam proses pengerjaan implementasi. Tahap implementasi dilakukan dengan melakukan beberapa prosedur pengerjaan dan tahap pengujian dilakukan untuk melakukan beberapa prosedur pengujian sehingga memunculkan simpulan.Pengembangan pada port knocking dilakukan dengan menambahkan notifikasi email pada router. Penambahan notifikasi bertujuan untuk memberikan peringatan dini kepada administrator ketika terdapat client yang berhasil melakukan akses pada salah satu port yang digunakan sebagai jalur remote access

Prospects for the extraction of ∣Vcb∣{\mid}V_{cb}{\mid} from $B_c\ {\to}\ J/\psi\ {\mu}^+\ {\nu}$ decays at LHC

We discuss the possibility of extracting ${\mid}V_{cb}{\mid}$ from the future measurement at LHC of the $B_c\ {\rightarrow}\ J/\psi\ {\mu}^+\ {\nu}$ decay rate followed by the leptonic decay $J/\psi\ {\rightarrow}\ \mu^+\mu^-$. We examine in detail the influence of the measurement of the muons' momenta and vertex reconstruction in the final uncertainty of ${\mid}V_{cb}{\mid}$, as well as the required theoretical inputs at both the production and weak decay level, and their reliability in this regard. We stress the relevance of a rigorous description of the fragmentation contributions to inclusive production at large transverse momentum of heavy quarkonia in $pp$ collisions.Comment: Latex using psfig.sty, 19 pages including 9 uuencoded. Replaced because of a few missprint error