Layered intergrowth phases Bi₄MO₈X (X = Cl, M = Ta and X = Br, M = Ta or Nb), structural and electrophysical characterisation

The high-temperature structural behavior of the layered inter-growth phase Bi4TaO8Cl, belonging to the Sillen-Aurivillius family, has been studied by powder neutron diffraction. This material is ferroelectric, space group P2(1)cn, at T-C &lt; 640 K. An order-disorder transition to centrosymmetric space group Pmcn is found around 640 K, which involves disordering of TaO6 octahedral tilts. A second phase transition, of a first-order nature, to space group P4/mmm occurs at a temperature of similar to 1038 K. The crystal structures of the bromide analogs Bi4MO8Br (M = Nb, Ta) have also been determined at room temperature; both are isomorphous with Bi4TaO8Cl and exhibit maxima in dielectric constant at temperatures of approximately 588 and 450 K, respectively. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).</p

Structure/property correlations in the new ferroelectric Bi₅PbTi₃O₁₄Cl and related layered oxyhalide intergrowth phases

The crystal structure and electrophysical properties of the layered intergrowth phase Bi5PbTi3O14Cl have been studied using powder neutron diffraction, ac impedance and second harmonic generation methods. This phase adopts a structure based on a regular intergrowth of Aurivillius-like and Sillen-like blocks in the layer sequence ...[M2O2][M2Ti3O10][M2O2][ Cl]..., and is therefore closely structurally related to the well-known ferroelectric Bi4Ti3O12. The phase adopts the polar orthorhombic space group P2an at temperatures below 590 degreesC, and transforms directly to a centrosymmetric tetragonal phase, space group P4/mmm, at that temperature. This abrupt structural phase transition is consistent with a sudden loss of SHG signal and a dielectric maximum at the same temperature. The structural features and electrophysical behaviour of this phase in relation to Bi4Ti3O12 and related layered oxides/oxyhalides are discussed.</p

Ethno-pedagogical conditions for forming a healthy lifestyle in the educational process of younger schoolchildren

Insufficient attention is being paid to the potential of applying folk pedagogics and ethnopedagogics in improving society,which is a serious omission that reduces the effectiveness of the formation of a healthy lifestyle for younger students and does notcontribute to the continuity of generations in this matter, including preservation of national values and culture. The purpose of the studyis to investigate these issues, analyse the works of Kazakh and foreign scientists and formulate proposals for improving the educationalprocess aimed at creating a healthy lifestyle for children in classroom and extracurricular activities. This article investigates the formationof a healthy lifestyle in primary school age. The author of the paper argues that this process should be based on the principles of folkpedagogy and ethno-pedagogy, since it is precisely under the current conditions of globalization and unification of cultures that they canensure the continuity of generations in the Republic of Kazakhstan in preserving and enhancing national traditions and values of trainingand education. The author suggests creating a healthy lifestyle for children in classroom and extracurricular activities, attracting prominentKazakh scientists, writers, poets, local historians, artists to the process, including setting up sightseeing walking tours around Kazakhstan,which will provide younger students with physical activity, necessary knowledge and will facilitate the development of healthy habitsassociated with maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The paper also draws attention to the fact that a personal example of teachers and parentsis the best motivation for younger students in the formation of their healthy lifestyleNo se presta suficiente atención a las posibilidades de utilizar la pedagogía popular y la etnopedagogía para mejorar la sociedad, lo que constituye una omisión grave que reduce la efectividad de la formación de un estilo de vida saludable entre los niños de la escuela primaria y no contribuye a la continuidad de generaciones en esta materia, incluso la preservación de los valores y la cultura nacionales. El propósito de la investigación - es estudiar estos temas, analizar los trabajos de científicos kazajos y extranjeros y formular propuestas para mejorar el proceso educativo dirigido a la formación de un estilo de vida saludable para los niños en la escuela y las actividades extraescolares. Este artículo analiza las características de la formación de un estilo de vida saludable en la escuela primaria. El autor del artículo sustenta la tesis de que este proceso debe basarse en los principios de la pedagogía popular y la etnopedagogía, ya que en las condiciones modernas de globalización y unificación de culturas son capaces de asegurar la continuidad de generaciones en la República de Kazajstán en la preservación y mejora de las tradiciones nacionales y valores de formación y educación. El autor propone formar un estilo de vida saludable para los niños en las lecciones educativas y actividades extracurriculares, involucrando a destacados científicos, escritores, poetas, historiadores locales, artistas kazajos en el proceso, así como organizar excursiones a pie a los lugares de interés de Kazajstán, que proporcionarán a los niños de la escuela primaria la actividad física, los conocimientos necesarios y permitirán desarrollar buenos hábitos asociados con un estilo de vida saludable. El artículo también llama la atención sobre el hecho de que el ejemplo personal de los maestros y los padres es la mejor motivación para que los niños de la escuela primaria formen su estilo de vida saludabl

Продовольственная обеспеченность в Евразийском экономическом союзе

Currently, the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union are faced with the task of reaching sustainable development of agricultural production in order to provide the population with food in full. To solve this problem, priority areas and mechanisms for ensuring food security have been determined in each of the member countries of theUnion, assessment and monitoring systems based on a set of criteria and indicators are functioning. However, due to its complex nature, the problem of ensuring food security needs to be addressed not only in the national context through implementation of country programs, but also within the EAEU. The paper contains description of the major regulatory documents of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, determining strategic goals, criteria and mechanisms for ensuring food security, as well as regulating the issues of monitoring it at the national level. Analysis of ensuring food security in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2016-2018 is provided according to the criteria of sufficiency of production and average per capita consumption of food products, based on the standards established at the national level. Proposals are formulated for the   development of interstate cooperation between the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union in the framework of Eurasian Economic Union’s coordinated agricultural policy with the purpose of sustainable food supply. The results presented in the paper can be used for research and practical support of the activities of state administration bodies of the agro-industrial complex of the EAEU member countries, for development of the latest national program documents in the field of food security, as well as for preparation of other strategic documents in the field of social and economic development and AIC.В настоящее время перед государствами – членами Евразийского экономического союза стоит задача выйти на устойчивое развитие сельскохозяйственного производства с целью полного обеспечения населения продовольствием. Для реализации данной задачи в каждой из стран Союза определены приоритетные направления и механизмы обеспечения продовольственной безопасности, функционируют системы оценки и мониторинга, основанные на комплексе критериев и показателей. Однако проблему обеспечения продовольственной безопасности ввиду ее комплексного характера необходимо решать не только в национальном контексте за счет реализации страновых программ, но и в рамках ЕАЭС. В статье представлен обзор основных нормативных правовых документов государств – членов Евразийского экономического союза, определяющих стратегические цели, критерии и механизмы обеспечения продовольственной безопасности, а также регулирующих вопросы проведения ее мониторинга на национальном уровне. Представлен анализ продовольственной обеспеченности в государствах – членах Евразийского экономического союза за 2016–2018 гг. по критериям достаточности производства и среднедушевого потребления продуктов питания исходя из установленных на национальном уровне норм. Сформулированы предложения по развитию межгосударственного взаимодействия стран Евразийского экономического союза в рамках реализации согласованной агропромышленной политики Союза в целях устойчивого продовольственного обеспечения. Представленные в статье результаты могут быть использованы для научного и практического обеспечения деятельности органов государственного управления АПК стран ЕАЭС, при разработке новейших национальных программных документов в сфере продовольственной безопасности, а также при подготовке других стратегических документов в сфере социально-экономического развития и АПК

Bismuth Oxybromide with Reasonable Photocatalytic Reduction Activity under Visible Light

The original bismuth-based oxyhalide, known as the Sillén family, is an important photocatalyst due to its high photocatalytic oxidation activity. Here, we report a bismuth-based photocatalyst, Bi24O 31Br10, with reasonable reduction activity. The photoreduction capability of Bi24O31Br10 in H2 evolution from water reduction is 133.9 μmol after 40 h under visible light irradiation. Bi24O31Br10 presents the highest activity among Bi2O3, BiOBr, and Bi 24O31Br10 in photocatalytic reduction of the Cr (VI) test, and Cr (VI) ions are totally removed in 40 min. The Mott-Schottky test shows the bottom of the conduction band fits the electric potential requirements for splitting water to H2. First-principles calculations indicate the conduction band of Bi24O31Br10 mainly consists of hybridized Bi 6p and Br 4s orbitals, which may contribute to the uplifting of the conduction band