BREEDING SYSTEMATIZATION OF AUTOCHTHONOUS CATTLE BREED BUSHA

Buša je jedna od tri hrvatske izvorne pasmine goveda i prema veličini populacije druga je izvorna pasmina goveda u Republici Hrvatskoj. Za vjerodostojno i uspješno plansko vođenje uzgoja i provedbu uzgojnog programa, nužno je učiniti sistematizaciju uzgoja temeljem rodovničkih podataka, a plansko vođenje uzgoja (planski pripust) organizirati prema linijama bikova i rodovima krava. Iz tog razloga provedena je sistematizacija uzgoja buše (izgradnja rodovnika), a rezultat sistematizacije je definiranje 24 linije bikova i 154 rodova krava. Sistematiziran uzgoj prema linijama i rodovima omogućava plansko vođenje uzgoja u cilju sprečavanja reduciranja genetske varijabilnosti, vjerodostojnije utvrđivanje demografskih parametara, procjenu kompletne genetske varijabilnosti pasmine, efikasniju provedbu molekularnih istraživanja uz znatno manje troškove, smanjuje troškove pohrane genetskog materijala u banku gena te omogućava kontrolu uzgoja obzirom na izlučenje grla iz uzgoja (klanje).Busha is one of three Croatian autochthonous breeds of cattle and by population size is the second autochthonous cattle bree in the Republic of Croatia. For reliable and successful planned managing of breeding and implementation of breeding program, it is necessary to systemize breeding on the basis of pedigree data, and organize planned mating by sire lines and dam lines. For this reason, systematization of Busha breed has been conducted (pedigree building), and the result of systematization is defining 24 sire lines and 154 dam lines. Systemized breed by sire lines and dam lines allows planned leading of breeding with goal of avoiding reduction of genetic variability, more reliable determination of demographic parameters, evaluation of complete genetic variability of the breed, more efficient application of molecular research with significantly decreased costs, storage of genetic material in the gene bank, and provides control of breeding regarding to exclusion of heads out of the breeding (slaughtering)

EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE OF AUTOCHTHONOUS CATTLE BREED BUSHA

Svrha istraživanja je procijeniti efektivnu veličinu populacije (Ne) izvorne pasmine goveda buša pomoću rodovničkih podataka. Brojno stanje populacije buše kontinuirano se povećava i krajem 2011. godine (HPA, 2012) broj rasplodnih grla iznosi 341, odnosno 33 bika i 308 krava. Prema međunarodnoj klasifikaciji ugroženosti (FAO), hrvatska populacija buša kategorizira se u 2011. godini kao "ugrožena – kategorija K3". U cilju vjerodostojnije procjene Ne korišteno je više metodologija i različitih tipova rodovnika. Aktualna genetska varijabilnost nije rezultat uspješnog konzervacijskog programa, nego slabe informativnosti (dužine) i kompletnosti rodovnika te malog broja poznatih generacija predaka što potvrđuje niska vrijednost ekvivalenta kompletnih generacija (1,41). Rezultati istraživanja Ne buše pomoću analize rodovnika daju korisne informacije u monitoringu genetske raznolikosti, ali potvrđuju i činjenicu da rodovnički podaci mogu vrlo često biti manjkavi u procjeni Ne, odnosno genetske varijabilnosti. U takvim slučajevima metode molekularne genetike jedine omogućavaju vjerodostojniju informaciju o genetskoj varijabilnosti na razini strukture DNA, pa tako i u slučaju izvorne pasmine goveda buša.Purpose of research is to estimate effective population size (Ne) of autochthonous cattle breed busha with pedigree data. Numerical strength of busha population is continuosly increasing and at the end of 2011 (CAA, 2012) the number of breeding heads is 341, i.e. 33 bulls and 308 cows. According to international classification of endangerness (FAO), Croatian population of busha breed is categorized in 2011 as „endangered – category K3“. With goal of more reliable estimation Ne, several methodologies and different types of pedigrees were used. Actual genetic variability is not result of successful conservation program, but poor informativity (length) and completiveness of pedigree and small number of known ancestor generation which confirm low value of equivalent of complete generations (1,41). Results of research of busha Ne by pedigree analysis give useful informations in monitoring of genetic diversity, but also confirm the fact that pedigree data can often be defective in NE estimation, i.e. genetic variability. In this cases, only methods of molecular genetic provide more reliable information about genetic variability on DNA structure level, and that is also the case with autochthonous cattle breed busha

BREEDING SYSTEMATIZATION OF AUTOCHTHONOUS CATTLE BREED BUSHA

Buša je jedna od tri hrvatske izvorne pasmine goveda i prema veličini populacije druga je izvorna pasmina goveda u Republici Hrvatskoj. Za vjerodostojno i uspješno plansko vođenje uzgoja i provedbu uzgojnog programa, nužno je učiniti sistematizaciju uzgoja temeljem rodovničkih podataka, a plansko vođenje uzgoja (planski pripust) organizirati prema linijama bikova i rodovima krava. Iz tog razloga provedena je sistematizacija uzgoja buše (izgradnja rodovnika), a rezultat sistematizacije je definiranje 24 linije bikova i 154 rodova krava. Sistematiziran uzgoj prema linijama i rodovima omogućava plansko vođenje uzgoja u cilju sprečavanja reduciranja genetske varijabilnosti, vjerodostojnije utvrđivanje demografskih parametara, procjenu kompletne genetske varijabilnosti pasmine, efikasniju provedbu molekularnih istraživanja uz znatno manje troškove, smanjuje troškove pohrane genetskog materijala u banku gena te omogućava kontrolu uzgoja obzirom na izlučenje grla iz uzgoja (klanje).Busha is one of three Croatian autochthonous breeds of cattle and by population size is the second autochthonous cattle bree in the Republic of Croatia. For reliable and successful planned managing of breeding and implementation of breeding program, it is necessary to systemize breeding on the basis of pedigree data, and organize planned mating by sire lines and dam lines. For this reason, systematization of Busha breed has been conducted (pedigree building), and the result of systematization is defining 24 sire lines and 154 dam lines. Systemized breed by sire lines and dam lines allows planned leading of breeding with goal of avoiding reduction of genetic variability, more reliable determination of demographic parameters, evaluation of complete genetic variability of the breed, more efficient application of molecular research with significantly decreased costs, storage of genetic material in the gene bank, and provides control of breeding regarding to exclusion of heads out of the breeding (slaughtering)

ESTIMATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY USING PROBABILITIES OF GENE ORIGIN OF AUTOCHTHONOUS CATTLE BREED BUSHA

Registar izvorne pasmine goveda buša utemeljen je 2003. i danas broji 1020 grla. U cjelokupnom rodovniku utvrđeno je 329 foundera i 249 polufoundera. Broj foundera u referentnoj populaciji iznosi 285, polufoundera 219 i 255 ancestora, a 50% genetske varijabilnosti objašnjava 17 ancestora i 20 foundera. Najveći broj poznatih generacija predaka u rodovniku je pet, s prosječnim ekvivalentom kompletnih generacija 1,41 koji ukazuje na slabu informativnost i kompletnost rodovnika. Dio značajnih predaka je dao svoj doprinos genetskoj varijabilnosti kao founder, ali ne i kao ancestor, što ukazuje na gubitak dijela genetske varijabilnosti. Povećanje stupnja inbreedinga i povezanosti, omjeri pojedinih parametara porijekla gena (fe/fa, fg/fe, fe/f) i smanjenje doprinosa broja foundera u referentnoj populaciju u odnosu na cjelokupan rodovnik, ukazuju na gubitak genetske varijabilnosti u populaciji. Rezultati analize rodovnika ukazuju da je u cilju očuvanja genetske varijabilnosti, nužno i žurno dizajniranje kvalitetnog uzgojnog programa, plana pripusta i konzervacijske strategije, temeljenih na analizama rodovnika i metodama molekularne genetike (DNA).Register of autochthonous cattle breed busha was founded in 2003. and till today it is consisted of 1020 heads. In whole pedigree 329 founders and 249 half-founders are determined. The number of founders in reference population is 285, half-founders 219, and ancestors 255, and 50% of genetic variability explain 17 ancestors and 20 founders. The largest number of complete generations 1,41 which indicates poor informativity and completness of pedigree. Part of significant ancestors gave its contribution to genetic variability as founder, but not as ancestor which indicates loss of part of genetic variability. Increasing of inbreeding rate and connections, ratios of certain parameters of gene origin (fe/fa, fg/fe, fe/f) and decreasing of contribution of number of founders in reference population compared to the whole pedigree, indicate the loss of genetic variability in population. Pedigree analysis results indicate that in purpose of preservation of genetic variability, it is necessary and urgent creating of quality breeding progam, breeding plan and conservation strategy, based on pedigree analysis and method of molecular genetic

INBREEDING OF AUTOCHTHONOUS CATTLE BREED BUSHA

Svrha studije je temeljem rodovničkih podataka utvrditi aktualno i predvidjeti trend budućeg stupnja inbreedinga u uzgoju izvorne pasmine goveda buša. Prosječan generacijski interval iznosi 5,96 godina što potvrđuje kasnu zrelost kao pasminsku karakteristiku. Koeficijent inbreedinga i povezanosti jedinki u rodovniku iznose 1,27% i 1,78%, a smatramo ih niskim u odnosu na komparativna istraživanja. No, rezultati analize udjela i prosječnog koeficijenta inbreedinga inbred jedinki u referentnoj populaciji daju dovoljno informacija za predviđanje intenzivnog porasta koeficijenta inbreedinga, odnosno značajnijeg smanjenja efektivne veličine populacije u uzgoju buše. Zaključak podupiru pozitivne i uske korelacije između koeficijenta inbreedinga i povezanosti s brojem i kompletnosti poznatih generacija predaka, te relativno mala veličina populacije buše od 341 rasplodne jedinke (HPA, 2012). Pretpostavljamo da je stupanj inbreedinga u populaciji buše znatno veći, ali ga nije moguće utvrditi temeljem analize rodovnika zbog njegove slabe informativnosti (ekvivalent kompletnih generacija = 1,41). Radi dobivanja vjerodostojnije informacije o stupnju inbreedinga u populaciji buše nužno je njegovo utvrđivanje metodama molekularne genetike na razni strukture DNA. Obzirom da se radi o maloj populaciji potrebno je primijeniti posebne mjere strategije planskog pripusta u cilju svođenja inbreedinga na najmanju moguću mjeru.The purpose oft he study is to determine actual and predict trend of the future rate of inbredding in breeding of autochthonous cattle breed busha based on pedigree data. Average generation interval is 5,96 years, which confirms late maturity as breed characteristics. Inbreeding factor and relatedness of units are 1,27% and 1,78%, and are considered low with respect to comparative researches. But results of proportion and average inbreeding factor of inbreed units in reference population give enough information for prediction of intensive growth of inbreeding factor, i.e. significant decrease of effective population size in breeding busha. The conclusion is supported by positive and narrow correlations between traced ancestors generation, and relatively small busha population with 341 breeding heads (CAA 2012). We assume that the rate of inbreeding in busha population is considerably larger, but it is not possible to determine it based on pedigree analysis because of its poor informativity (equivalent of complete generations = 1,41). In order to obtain more reliable information on inbreeding rate in busha population, it is necessary to determine it by methods of molecular genetic on the DNA structure leve. With consideration on the small population, special measures of planned breeding strategies must be applied, with goal of brining inbreeding to the minimum possible rate

Faecal contamination and hygiene aspect associated with the use of treated wastewater and canal water for irrigation of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)

Clean water has become one of the main limiting factors in agricultural food production in Europe, especially for countries around the Mediterranean, who now face more severe and frequent seasonal water shortages. In order to overcome water shortages the European Water Framework Directive encourages and promotes the use of treated urban wastewater in agriculture. However, the use of poor quality water in agriculture poses potential health risks. The application of wastewater through subsurface drip irrigation lines could possibly overcome public health concerns by minimizing contact with wastewater by farmers, farm workers but it is uncertain if the risk for consumers of wastewater irrigated produces would be acceptable. The objective of the current study was therefore to assess whether subsurface irrigation of potatoes with low quality water was associated with higher food safety and reduced human health risks as compared with surface irrigation. The microbial quality of soil and potatoes irrigated by sprinkler, furrow and subsurface drip irrigation, using treated urban wastewater, canal water and tap water were compared at experimental sites near Belgrade, Serbia and in Bologna. Water, soil and potato samples were collected from March 2007 to September 2008 and their faecal contamination estimated by enumeration of the faecal indicator E. coli. In addition, water and potatoes in Italy were analysed for the presence of helminth eggs, another important indicator of faecal pollution. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model combined with Monte Carlo simulations was used to assess whether the different irrigation practices and associated health risks complied with guidelines set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The study found low levels of E. coli in irrigation water (Italy mean value: 1.7 colony forming units (cfu)/ml and Serbia 11 cfu/ml), as well as in soil (Italy mean: 1.0 cfu/g and Serbia 1.1 cfu/g). Similar low concentrations of E. coli were found on potatoes (Italy mean: 1.0 cfu/g and Serbia 0.0 cfu/g). The vast majority (442/516) of the collected different samples were free of E. coli. No helminth eggs were found in any types of irrigation water or on the surface of potatoes. The risk assessment models found the use of treated wastewater to exceed the levels of risks for gastrointestinal disease (1.0×10-3 disease risk) as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the accidental ingestion of soil by farmers (Serbia: 0.22 and Italy: 5.7×10-2). However, samples that exceeded disease risks set by the WHO were collected before initiation of wastewater irrigation and were limited to a few numbers of samples, which would indicate environmental contamination not linked to irrigation practice. Disease risk from consumption of potatoes in Italy and in Serbia was found to be within acceptable levels. No relationship was found between E. coli concentrations in irrigation water, soil and produce. Similar lack of association was found for E. coli findings in sprinkler, furrow or subsurface drip irrigated soils and produce. This indicates that subsurface drip irrigation also can be practiced while ensuring food safety and protecting the health of consumers and farmers