First-principles study of the ferroelectric Aurivillius phase Bi2WO6

In order to better understand the reconstructive ferroelectric-paraelectric transition of Bi2WO6, which is unusual within the Aurivillius family of compounds, we performed first principles calculations of the dielectric and dynamical properties on two possible high-temperature paraelectic structures: the monoclinic phase of A2/m symmetry observed experimentally and the tetragonal phase of I4/mmm symmetry, common to most Aurivillius phase components. Both paraelectric structures exhibits various unstable modes, which after their condensation bring the system toward more stable structures of lower symmetry. The calculations confirms that, starting from the paraelectric A2/m phase at high temperature, the system must undergo a reconstructive transition to reach the P2_1ab ferroelectric ground state.Comment: added Appendix and two table

Brillouin instabilities in continuously pumped high power fiber lasers

The effect of Brillouin backscattering on the stability of a high power continuously pumped fiber laser is theoretically analyzed in the general framework of two-coupled modes laser model. It is demonstrated that, depending on the cavity losses, different type of instabilities can arise. Low loss cavity favours stable continuous regime in a large range of pumping rates while high loss configuration permits the emergence of different self-pulsing instabilities

Instabilities in high power fiber lasers induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering

We investigate numerically different types of instabilities in a high loss Fabry–Perot laser cavity in presence of the stimulated Brillouin scattering. Our results reveal many interesting dynamical behaviors such as periodic, quasi-periodic and chaotic

Few-cycle optical solitons in linearly coupled waveguides

We consider soliton propagation in two parallel optical waveguides, in the presence of a linear nondispersive coupling and in the few-cycle regime. The numerical analysis is based on a set of two coupled modified Korteweg–de Vries equations. The evidenced few-cycle vector solitons are optical breathers. In addition to the usual breathing due to carrier-envelope velocity mismatch, we observe, and describe in detail, spatial oscillations of soliton’s amplitude and energy

Brillouin instabilities in high power fiber lasers

With the emergence of rare-earth doped fibers, and especially double-clad fibers, there is a renewed interest in Brillouin effect. First of all, the amplification of a continuous signal in a rare-earth doped fiber amplifier can generate high enough intensities to excite Brillouin effect and then to create a backscattered stokes wave. Such back-reflection is detrimental for amplifier applications and consequently it has been studied theoretically and experimentally. Recently, the low frequency self-pulsing instability resulting from Brillouin backscattering has been theoretically modelled [1]. Our main objective is to present a general model allowing to explain the origin of the dynamic instability arising in a fiber lasers as a consequence of Brillouin effect. The effect of Brillouin back scattering is theoretically analysed by two-coupled modes laser model. We consider the Fabry-Perot fiber laser cavity. The rich and complex dynamic behaviours are observed. In particular the quasi periodic dynamic is identified and studied

Influence of higher-order stimulated Brillouin scattering on the occurrence of extreme events in self-pulsing fiber lasers

We investigate the dynamical behavior of a self-pulsing laser under the influence of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), a system which has previously been shown to favor extreme statistics. Using a laser model coupling a multi-Stokes Brillouin scattering process with the population inversion formalism for the gain and taking into account saturable absorption effects, we demonstrate that different statistical distribution types arise as the nonlinear interactions between the laser and higher-order SBS waves lead to the occurrence of high intensity short pulses. By taking into account up to five Stokes orders, we show that highly skewed statistics and pulses with extreme peak intensities can be obtained, allowing us to describe more accurately the experimental observations and to better apprehend the underlying physics.We also unexpectedly demonstrate that the acoustic noise does not affect the emergence of such extreme events

Brillouin scattering-induced rogue waves in self-pulsing fiber lasers

We report the experimental observation of extreme instabilities in a self-pulsing fiber laser under the influence of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). Specifically, we observe temporally localized structures with high intensities that can be referred to as rogue events through their statistical behaviour with highly-skewed intensity distributions. The emergence of these SBS-induced rogue waves is attributed to the interplay between laser operation and resonant Stokes orders. As this behaviour is not accounted for by existing models, we also present numerical simulations showing that such instabilities can be observed in chaotic laser operation. This study opens up new possibilities towards harnessing extreme events in highly-dissipative systems through adapted laser cavity configurations

Profiles of Parental Burnout Around the Globe: Similarities and Differences Across 36 Countries

Parental burnout (PB) is a pervasive phenomenon. Parenting is embedded in cultural values, and previous research has shown the role of individualism in PB. In this paper, we reanalyze previously collected data to identify profiles based on the four dimensions of PB, and explore whether these profiles vary across countries' levels of collectivistic-individualistic (COL-IND) values. Our sample comprised 16,885 individuals from 36 countries (73% women; 27% men), and we used a latent profile approach to uncover PB profiles. The findings showed five profiles: Fulfilled, Not in PB, Low risk of PB, High risk of PB and Burned out. The profiles pointed to climbing levels of PB in the total sample and in each of the three country groups (High COL/Low IND, Medium COL-IND, Low COL/High IND). Exploratory analyses revealed that distinct dimensions of PB had the most prominent roles in the climbing pattern, depending on the countries' levels of COL/IND. In particular, we found contrast to be a hallmark dimension and an indicator of severe burnout for individualistic countries. Contrary to our predictions, emotional distance and saturation did not allow a clear differentiation across collectivistic countries. Our findings support several research avenues regarding PB measurement and intervention

Parenting Culture(s): Ideal-Parent Beliefs Across 37 Countries

What is it to be “an ideal parent”? Does the answer differ across countries and social classes? To answer these questions in a way that minimizes bias and ethnocentrism, we used open-ended questions to explore ideal-parent beliefs among 8,357 mothers and 3,517 fathers from 37 countries. Leximancer Semantic Network Analysis was utilized to first determine parenting culture zones (i.e., countries with shared ideal-parent beliefs) and then extract the predominant themes and concepts in each culture zone. The results yielded specific types of ideal-parent beliefs in five parenting culture zones: being “responsible and children/family-focused” for Asian parents, being “responsible and proper demeanor-focused” for African parents, and being “loving and responsible” for Hispanic-Italian parents. Although the most important themes and concepts were the same in the final two zones—being “loving and patient,” there were subtle differences: English-speaking, European Union, and Russian parents emphasized “being caring,” while French-speaking parents valued “listening” or being “present.” Ideal-parent beliefs also differed by education levels within culture zones, but no general pattern was discerned across culture zones. These findings suggest that the country in which parents were born cannot fully explain their differences in ideal-parent beliefs and that differences arising from social class or education level cannot be dismissed. Future research should consider how these differences affect the validity of the measurements in question and how they can be incorporated into parenting intervention research within and across cultures