Strain-cycling fatigue behavior of ten structural metals tested in liquid helium (4 K), in liquid nitrogen (78 K), and in ambient air (300 K)

Strain-cycling fatigue behavior of 10 different structural alloys and metals was investigated in liquid helium (4 K), in liquid nitrogen (78 K), and in ambient air (300 K). At high cyclic lives, fatigue resistance increased with decreasing temperature for all the materials investigated. At low cyclic lives, fatigue resistance generally decreased with decreasing temperature for the materials investigated. Only for Inconel 718 did fatigue resistance increase with decreasing temperature over the entire life range investigated. Comparison of the experimental fatigue behavior with that predicted by the Manson method of universal slopes showed that the fatigue behavior of these materials can be predicted for cryogenic temperatures by using material tensile properties obtained at those same temperatures

The strainrange partitioning behavior of an advanced gas turbine disk alloy, AF2-1DA

The low-cycle, creep-fatigue characteristics of the advanced gas turbine disk alloy, AF2-1DA have been determined at 1400 F and are presented in terms of the method of strainrange partitioning (SRP). The mean stresses which develop in the PC and CP type SRP cycles at the lowest inelastic strainrange were observed to influence the cyclic lives to a greater extent than the creep effects and hence interfered with a conventional interpretation of the results by SRP. A procedure is proposed for dealing with the mean stress effects on life which is compatible with SRP

Strainrange partitioning behavior of the nickel-base superalloys, Rene' 80 and in 100

A study was made to assess the ability of the method of Strainrange Partitioning (SRP) to both correlate and predict high-temperature, low cycle fatigue lives of nickel base superalloys for gas turbine applications. The partitioned strainrange versus life relationships for uncoated Rene' 80 and cast IN 100 were also determined from the ductility normalized-Strainrange Partitioning equations. These were used to predict the cyclic lives of the baseline tests. The life predictability of the method was verified for cast IN 100 by applying the baseline results to the cyclic life prediction of a series of complex strain cycling tests with multiple hold periods at constant strain. It was concluded that the method of SRP can correlate and predict the cyclic lives of laboratory specimens of the nickel base superalloys evaluated in this program

Separation of the strain components for use in strainrange partitioning

Two methods are presented for separating the inelastic strain components of a complex hysteresis loop so that strainrange partitioning formulas can be applied to accurately determine cyclic life at elevated temperatures. These methods are required only if lower bounds established by strainrange partitioning concepts have been deemed inadequate in the establishment of expected lifetime. In one method, rapid loading and unloading is applied in the tensile and compressive half to isolate the plastic strain. In the second method, the creep is measured at a discrete number of points along the hysteresis loop by combining load-control tests into the general pattern of strain cycling under arbitrary temperature. Both methods are shown to give good results

Consumo de água e coeficiente de cultura (Kc) para macieiras em Vacaria - RS.

As principais regiões produtoras de maçã do sul do Brasil apresentam elevados índices pluviométricos. Entretanto, é comum a ocorrência de períodos de déficit hídrico durante o ciclo da cultura nessas regiões, principalmente no final da primavera e durante o verão, o que pode prejudicar a qualidade e a produtividade comercial dos frutos. Por essa razão, há uma demanda recente, por parte de produtores locais, pela instalação de sistemas de irrigação em suas áreas. Para isso, contudo, faz-se necessário conhecer o consumo de água e o coeficiente de cultivo da cultura (Kc). Os valores de Kc são empregados na estimativa da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), por meio da expressão ETc = Kc . ETo, em que ETo é a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), calculada com base em dados meteorológicos. Embora existam dados de Kc para macieiras na literatura (ALLEN et al., 2006), nem sempre esses valores publicados se ajustam às condições locais. O objetivo do presente trabalho é determinar a necessidade hídrica e os valores de Kc para macieiras, sob as condições de Vacaria, RS.bitstream/item/31589/1/cot103.pd

Demanda hídrica e coeficientes de cultura (Kc) para macieiras em Vacaria, RS.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a demanda hídrica e os coeficientes de cultura (Kc) para macieiras cultivadas na região de Vacaria, RS. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental de Fruticultura Temperada (EEFT) da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, localizada em Vacaria, RS, em plantas da cultivar ?Royal Gala? (Malus domestica) sobre porta-enxerto M9. Foram determinados os valores do potencial matricial da água no solo, empregandose tensiômetros de punção. Com base nesses valores, determinou-se a umidade volumétrica e o balanço hídrico mensal. O consumo hídrico da cultura variou entre 0,3mm dia-1 a 4,5mm dia-1, com média de 1,9mm dia-1. O coeficiente da cultura (Kc) apresentou tendência quadrática, variando entre 0,19 e 0,88, com média igual a 0,58.Nota técnica

Condições meteorológicas e sua influência na safra de maçã 2009/10 na região de Vacaria, RS.

O objetivo deste Comunicado Técnico é analisar a implicação das condições meteorológicas ocorridas na safra 2009/10, na região de Vacaria, RS, na produção e qualidade da maçã.bitstream/item/31884/1/cot100.pd

Macieira.

Amacieira pertence á família Rosaceae, ordem Rosales e subfamília Pomoideae. Apesar de existirem dezenas de espécies, muitas ainda em estado selvagem, apenas algumas são utilizadas comercialmente para a produção de frutas, como porta-enxertos, plantas ornamentais e fonte de germoplasma para o melhoramento genético e pesquisa científica. A macieira cultivada comercialmente recebeu vários nomes científicos ao longo do tempo e, a partir de 1803, foi denominada de Malus domestica Borkh.bitstream/item/203592/1/11746-2009-p.449-464.pd

Predicting temporary threshold shifts in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) : the effects of noise level and duration

Author Posting. © Acoustical Society of America, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125 (2009): 1816-1826, doi:10.1121/1.3068456.Noise levels in the ocean are increasing and are expected to affect marine mammals. To examine the auditory effects of noise on odontocetes, a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was exposed to octave-band noise (4–8 kHz) of varying durations (<2–30 min) and sound pressures (130–178 dB re 1 µPa). Temporary threshold shift (TTS) occurrence was quantified in an effort to (i) determine the sound exposure levels (SELs) (dB re 1 µPa2 s) that induce TTS and (ii) develop a model to predict TTS onset. Hearing thresholds were measured using auditory evoked potentials. If SEL was kept constant, significant shifts were induced by longer duration exposures but not for shorter exposures. Higher SELs were required to induce shifts in shorter duration exposures. The results did not support an equal-energy model to predict TTS onset. Rather, a logarithmic algorithm, which increased in sound energy as exposure duration decreased, was a better predictor of TTS. Recovery to baseline hearing thresholds was also logarithmic (approximately −1.8 dB/doubling of time) but indicated variability including faster recovery rates after greater shifts and longer recoveries necessary after longer duration exposures. The data reflected the complexity of TTS in mammals that should be taken into account when predicting odontocete TTS.This work was funded by the Office of Naval Research Grant No. 00014-098-1-687 to P.E.N. and the support of Bob Gisiner and Mardi Hasting is noted. Additional support came from SeaSpace to T.A.M

Density-functional study of hydrogen chemisorption on vicinal Si(001) surfaces

Relaxed atomic geometries and chemisorption energies have been calculated for the dissociative adsorption of molecular hydrogen on vicinal Si(001) surfaces. We employ density-functional theory, together with a pseudopotential for Si, and apply the generalized gradient approximation by Perdew and Wang to the exchange-correlation functional. We find the double-atomic-height rebonded D_B step, which is known to be stable on the clean surface, to remain stable on partially hydrogen-covered surfaces. The H atoms preferentially bind to the Si atoms at the rebonded step edge, with a chemisorption energy difference with respect to the terrace sites of >sim 0.1 eV. A surface with rebonded single atomic height S_A and S_B steps gives very similar results. The interaction between H-Si-Si-H mono-hydride units is shown to be unimportant for the calculation of the step-edge hydrogen-occupation. Our results confirm the interpretation and results of the recent H_2 adsorption experiments on vicinal Si surfaces by Raschke and Hoefer described in the preceding paper.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. B. Other related publications can be found at http://www.rz-berlin.mpg.de/th/paper.htm