Lipofilling. The review of the technique. Modern opportunities and prospects for dermal scar correction

Since of the invention lipofilling, there was a significant change in ideas of the role used autologous fat tissue (Auto Fat) from natural filler of defects to the product for stimulating regeneration. There was a considerable evolution in technology of liposuction and Auto Fat processing, material and methodical providing of the procedure was improved. Opening and studying role of the stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) of the adipose tissue, in particular mesenchymal stem cells of the adipose tissue (MSC FT), promoted considerable extension of indications while using this method in aesthetic medicine. During experience accumulation of lipofilling application new concepts of application of Auto Fat in combination with MSC FT, platelet-enriched plasma (PRP) and growth factors were developed for scar correction. Understanding of a key role recipient area in succesful engrafting Auto Fat on scars resulted in development of transcutaneous aponeurotomy in a combination with a lipofilling (riggotomy). The procedure of a nanolipofilling which can be considered an attempt of the isolated use of lipofilling for regeneration stimulation and remodeling of cicatricial tissue was developed. However, despite the achieved success, carrying out further researches which would allow to confirm this method efficacy from the point of view evidence-based medicine and develop clear clinical guidelines about its application for treatment of dermal scars would be necessary

Foreign trade and regional inequality: The case of the Russian federation

An impact of foreign trade on national inequality levels is one of the most discussed topics both by public, politicians and academics. This paper contributes to this discussion by focusing on the role of foreign trade in the Russian Federation during its rapid economic transformation in 1990-2010. During this period, the trade-led growth model has helped to raise country-average levels of income. But simultaneously, it seemingly triggered greater inequality in income appropriation between different social groups. Looking into causality between foreign trade and this observed income disparity from the regional perspective will help us to understand the poverty problem associated with income inequality better and enhance the effectiveness of policies of the Russian government targeting income re-distribution. In particular, this research aims to answer a question whether during 1990's-2000's increasing openness to foreign trade was pro-poor on the regional level or not. Another point of interest is whether the distributional impact of growing foreign trade on incomes in Russian regions had been positive or negative. Several hypotheses for the Russian Federation are tested in the paper. First, higher openness to foreign trade improved income distribution in the Russian regions. Second, globalization of regions as a result of a more active foreign trade benefited individuals in the middle-income decile. This follows an idea that trade liberalization cuts living costs and raises living standards. Third, regions with larger rural population will tend to have more uneven income distribution. This follows from the neo-classical assumption that in rural areas a poverty burden tends to be larger. Active involvement in the trade of agricultural products might improve income distribution in such regions. Additionally, the share of dependent population among households must affect poverty headcount or the depth of poverty as previous studies on poverty determinants naturally suggested. © 2018 Economy of Region. All rights reserved.This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) No17-02-00688 Transformation of Russian Foreign Economic Policy in a Changing Geopolitics

Поражения легких при системных заболеваниях соединительной ткани

Frequency and clinical manifestations of respiratory disease in systemic connective tissue diseases (CTD) differ significantly including clinical course and outcomes. Pulmonary  abnormalities  are seen in 20% to 95% of patients with CTD ranging from subtle to life-threatening disease and could be fatal. Commonly, CTD-related interstitial lung disease (ILD)  is crucial for prognosis. Interstitial  pneumonias  are the most frequent variant of respiratory disease in patients with CTD.  CTD-related ILDs comprise 15% to 25% of all ILDs. Usually, respiratory disease develops in symptomatic CTD,  but in some cases, ILD can be the first appearance  of CTD which precedes systemic symptoms that could significantly impede early diagnosis. Therefore,  diagnostic workup in ILD should consider extrapulmonary  manifestations  of CTD.  Moreover,  an intrinsic part of diagnostic algorithm should be specific laboratory assessment including measurement  of autoantibodies.  Combination of specific antibodies and clinical features provides higher probability of CTD diagnosis.Частота и варианты  поражения органов дыхания при системных  заболеваниях  соединительной ткани (СЗСТ) существенно  различаются, оказывая  значительное влияние  на их клинические особенности и прогноз.  Легочные  поражения встречаются  у 20–95  % больных СЗСТ,  при этом состояния могут различаться – от бессимптомных до жизнеугрожающих, вплоть до летального исхода. Нередко осложнения, обусловленные интерстициальным заболеванием легких (ИЗЛ), на фоне СЗСТ  становятся  ведущими  в определении прогноза у больных.  Интерстициальные пневмонии являются  самым  частым вариантом  поражения респираторной системы  при СЗСТ.  Среди всех ИЗЛ на долю СЗСТ-ассоциированных приходится от 15 до 25 % случаев. Чаще поражение  органов дыхания формируется в период развернутой  клинической картины  СЗСТ.  Однако  в некоторых  случаях СЗСТ  могут дебютировать  как ИЗЛ,  предшествуя  системным проявлениям болезни,  что существенно  затрудняет раннюю нозологическую диагностику.  В таких случаях физикальное обследование пульмонологом должно включать поиск возможных  экстрапульмональных проявлений СЗСТ.  Кроме того, неотъемлемой частью диагностического алгоритма  является  специфическое лабораторное  обследование  – определение уровня  аутоантител,  которое  при сопоставлении  с клинической картиной обеспечивает  высокую степень вероятности диагноза СЗСТ

Antiatherogenic Potential of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in a High-Fructose/High-Fat Diet: Experimental Randomized Trial

Background. Transcranial electrical stimulation is a promising method for correction of malnutrition-induced hyperlipidemia, in the absence of indications for drug hypolipidemic therapy in young and middle-aged patients with low and moderate cardiovascular risk. Objectives — to study the effect of transcranial electrical stimulation on lipid metabolism in a high-fructose/high-fat (HFHF) diet in rats.Methods. An experimental randomized trial was performed to study the effect of transcranial electrical stimulation on lipid metabolism in a high-calorie diet enriched with fructose and saturated animal fat in rats. The experiments involved 180 outbred male rats and were carried out on the basis of the vivarium of Kuban State Medical University. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1 (control group, n = 60) — followed a standard diet; group 2 (comparison group, n = 60) — followed a HFHF diet; group 3 (experimental group, n = 60) — underwent transcranial electrical stimulation against the background of a HFHF diet. According to the target reference point of the study, the groups were divided into three equal subgroups of 20 rats each: subgroup A — day 30, subgroup B — day 60, and subgroup C — day 90 (biomaterial sampling and euthanasia were carried out on those days). In the obtained blood samples, the following lipid metabolism parameters were evaluated: total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and atherogenic index. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Office Excel 2021 (Microsoft, USA), GraphPadPrism 9 (GraphPad Software, USA) and Statistica 13.3 (StatSoft, USA).Results. On the 30th day of the study, it was noted that in group 3, the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 14.9% lower and the atherogenic index was 30.8% lower (p < 0.05) than in group 2, while total cholesterol concentration, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol had no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). On the 60th day of the study, in group 3, when compared to group 2, the concentration of total cholesterol was 18.7% lower, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 42.9% lower, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 16.7% higher, and the atherogenic index was 56.3% lower (p < 0.05), while triglycerides had no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). On the 90th day of the study, in group 3, when compared to group 2, the concentration of total cholesterol was 29.2% lower, the concentration of triglycerides was 36.0% lower, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 42.8% lower, and the atherogenic index was 57.0% lower (p < 0.05), while the concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol had no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05).Conclusion. High-fructose/high-fat diet leads to a progressive increase in the serum concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, as well as to a moderate decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a growth in the atherogenic index. Transcranial electrical stimulation has a moderate lipid-lowering effect, manifested in the form of a decrease in the serum concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and atherogenic index, while the effect on the concentration of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is insignificant

Бронхиальная гиперреактивность как фенотипическая характеристика хронической обструктивной болезни легких

Summary. The aim of the study was to compare clinical and functional features and health-related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with regard to bronchial hyperresponsiveness as a phenotypic sign. Clinical and functional status, quality of life and results of metacholine challenge test were analysed in 75 moderate-to-severe COPD patients. According to the results of methacholine challenge test the patients were divided into two groups: patients having positive metacholine challenge test results (group 1; PD20 < 0.471 mg) and patients having negative metacholine challenge test results (group 2; PD20 > 0.471 mg). Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was revealed in 52 of 75 (69 %) patients. Severity of respiratory symptoms was higher in the group 1 patients. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness contributed to severity of dyspnea in COPD (OR = 8.6; p = 0.007). The quality of life of the group 1 patients was worse than that of the group 2 patients. However, no significant difference was found between the groups for FEV1. Thus, COPD with bronchial hyperresponsiveness is characterized by more severe course of the disease and could be considered as a separate phenotype of COPD.Резюме. Целью исследования явилось сравнительное изучение клинико-функциональных особенностей и качества жизни (КЖ) у больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких (ХОБЛ) в зависимости от уровня бронхиальной реактивности как возможного фенотипического признака. У 75 амбулаторных пациентов с ХОБЛ средней степени тяжести проанализированы показатели клинико-функционального статуса и КЖ. Пациенты стратифицированы на 2 группы: у пациентов 1-й группы (n = 52) тест с метахолином был положительным (провокационная доза (ПД20), вызвавшая снижение величины объема форсированного выдоха за 1-ю с (ОФВ1) на ≥ 20 % от исходного значения, – ≥ 0,471 мг), у больных 2-й группы (n = 23) – отрицательным (ПД20 – > 0,471). Респираторные симптомы больных 1-й группы характеризовались большей степенью выраженности. Выявлена взаимосвязь степени одышки с уровнем бронхиальной реактивности (отношение шансов – 8,6; р = 0,007). Показатели КЖ в 1-й группе были достоверно ниже, чем во 2-й. При этом значения ОФВ1 были сопоставимы в обеих группах. Таким образом, клинический вариант ХОБЛ с бронхиальной гиперреактивностью может рассматриваться в качестве отдельного фенотипа заболевания, характеризующегося более тяжелым течением

Клиническая эффективность 6-месячной терапии сальметеролом больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких в условиях резко континентального климата Восточной Сибири

The study was designed to evaluate influence of 6-month therapy with salmeterol on clinical and functional parameters and quality of life in 20 patients with moderate to severe COPD. The disease symptoms were analyzed before and in 3 and 6 months of the treatment using the Piggario scale, the lung function parameters (FEV1, FVC, TLC, RV, Raw) were measures with spirography and body plethysmography, physical tolerance was assessed in 6-minute walking test, quality of life was evaluated with the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire. Results showed that Salmeterol reduced dyspnoea, cough, sputum production and improved tolerance to the cold air in the COPD patients. The 6-minute walking distance and FEV1 significantly increased to the end of the study period. The quality of life improved greatly in all scales of the questionnaire. We concluded that salmeterol was reliably effective in COPD patients living at the strong continental climate of the Eastern Siberia.Проведено исследование с оценкой влияния сальметерола в процессе 6-месячной терапии 20 больных ХОБ/1 среднетяжелого и тяжелого течения на клинико-функциональные показатели и качество жизни. Анализ симптомов заболевания в исходном состоянии, через 3 и 6 мес. лечения проводился с использованием шкалы Piggario, показатели ФВД (ОФВ1, ФЖЕЛ, ОЕЛ, ОО и Raw) определяли с помощью спиро- и бодиплетизмографии, толерантность к физической нагрузке оценивалась в 6минутном шаговом тесте, исследование качества жизни выполнялось с применением респираторного вопросника госпиталя Св. Георгия. Результаты исследования показали, что терапия больных ХОБЛ сальметеролом обусловливает уменьшение одышки, кашля, продукции мокроты, лучшую переносимость холодного воздуха. К концу лечебного периода достоверно возрастают ОФВ1, и дистанция, которую больные проходят в шаговом тесте. Отмечено значимое увеличение качества жизни по всем шкалам респираторного вопросника. Сделано заключение о значительной эффективности сальметерола при лечении больных ХОБЛ, проживающих в условиях резко континентального климата Восточной Сибири

Cognitive neural prosthetics – the way from experiment to clinical application

Accepted: September 3, 2021. Objective of this review is to highlight some aspects of the development and use of cognitive neuroprostheses, such as the technological background for their developing and key modern projects in this field. The literature sources were analyzed and the place of neuroprostheses among other artificial organs and tissues, which are under development or already used in clinical practice, was defined. The main principles of their implementation, structural elements and operating conditions were described. Also, this review presents some examples of diseases which can be corrected by cognitive neuroprostheses. The mechanisms of compensation for the functions of the damaged brain structures when using neuroprostheses are described on the basis of the principles of their interaction with biological neural networks. Descriptions of advanced developments that are currently relevant are given. Moreover, information is provided on the protocols and results of tests on animals and humans of the artificial hippocampus, as well as the results of testing a prosthesis that allows restoring the functions of the prefrontal cortex in animals. The examples considered in the review allow us to conclude that cognitive neuroprostheses are not just a hypothetic concept. They are implemented as specialized experimental solutions for practical clinical issues. Currently, the greatest success has been achieved in restoring the hippocampus functions

tPCS as a method for correcting cardiac arrhythmias after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with stenting in patients with myocardial infarction

Objective: To study the effect of transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) therapy on cardiac arrhythmias developed after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with stenting in patients with myocardial infarction (MI).Material and methods: Characteristics of patient groups: the comparison group (n = 17) – with myocardial infarction, after PTCA with stenting, standard treatment; the main group (n = 21) – the same and tPCS therapy. Control points of the study: 1st day – Electrocardiography (ECG), Echocardiography (ECHO), Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), Creatine phosphokinase-MB (CPK-MB), Troponin-I, potassium, β-endorphin; 5th day – the same without ECHO; 10th day – the same and ECG with the determination of harmony and quantum of the electromagnetic flux of the cardiac cycle. PTCA was performed using drug-eluting stents. tPCS therapy was performed in pulsed bipolar mode, current strength 2 mA, current frequency 77.5 Hz, session duration 45 min.Results: In patients of the main group (against the background of tPCS therapy), the studied parameters of the cardiac cycle approached the optimal values. It was shown that intergroup differences in harmony (p = 0.002) and the size of the electromagnetic flux quantum of the cardiac cycle (p = 0.001) are statistically significant. Also, against the background of the tPCS therapy, the concentration of highly sensitive troponin-I is statistically significantly (p = 0.0042) lower by 109%. On the 5th and 10th days of the study, the serum concentration of β-endorphin in the main group was higher by 38.3 and 35.0% than in the comparison group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The results of the study clearly demonstrate the cardioprotective and antiarrhythmic potential of tPCS therapy in patients with myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias after PTCA with stenting