Animal cognition (reasoning) in the light of genetic ideas

The historical overview is presented of genetic experiments in L.V. Krushinsky’s laboratory in Moscow State University. L.V. Krushinsky stated the three-component concept of animal behavior. He claimed that animal behavior has not only innate species specific behavior and the learning ability, but should be supplemented by another mental category, reasoning the ability for elementary logic operarions. Being rather lonesome at the beginning, Krushinsky got the spiritual support from D.K. Belyaev and B.L. Astaurov. The attempt to study the genetic bases of reasoning ability was performed in Krushinsky’s lab using the trait “extrapolation problem solving”, which meant the ability of an unexperienced naïve animal to find the food bait when it moved aside and disappeared from (not “in”) the view. The selection for high scores of this trait in the hybrid rat population (Norway rat × laboratory strain cross) was started. Initially the hybrid rats solved this problem in the statistically significant proportions, while the animals from further selection generations demonstrated the dramatic increase of anxiety (in spite of extensive handling of these animals), which made further experiments impossible. Much later another selection experiment started in which mice of a genetically heterogeneous population were selected for high scores of extrapolation problem and concomitantly for the lack-ofanxiety signs during the testing procedure. This selection for a cognitive trait produced some positive results, although the direct response to selection was very weak. The data obtained show the intricate connection between the mouse ability to solve the problem and the processes of anxiety, which in turn looks as non-uniform by its nature and mechanisms. The data from experiments performed in classical genetics should be combined with the new knowledge concerning the role of single genes determining animal behavior

Orientação profissional como forma de autodeterminação e autorrealização na vida dos jovens

Professional self-determination of young people is a controversial process complicated by the need to choose the field of activity and determine their place in life. Taking into account the complex influence of all factors on the professional orientation of young people is considered a reliable guarantee of the young person's choice of profession as part of life self-determination. However, it cannot be assumed that this process does not need management and practical support, and it can be carried out in a self-adjusting way. In addition, when choosing a profession, young people often rely on external attributes (publicity, showiness, prestige of the profession within the immediate circles) which gives rise to a corresponding interest in its development. Sometimes they do not take into account their correspondence to the requirements of the particular professional field: personal traits representing the importance of a professional, intellectual level of development, or the physiological capabilities necessary for the implementation of this professional activity. Increased attention is aimed at development of the natural instincts of the younger generation, as well as their professional formation, that is, on organizing assistance to young people in the choice of employment. At the same time, the choice should be made not only with a focus on the needs and opportunities of young people themselves, but also taking into account the labor market situation in the conditions of continuous updating of the list of popular professions. Willingness to respond quickly to market demands is the most approved approach to choosing a profession in modern conditions. Timely and qualified assistance in professional orientation would help young people meet the highest need: the need for self-realization.La autodeterminación de los jóvenes es un proceso controvertido complicado por la necesidad de elegir una esfera de actividad profesional y encontrar su nicho en la vida. La toma en consideración de la influencia integral de la totalidad entera de los factores en la orientación profesional de los jóvenes es una garantía fiable de la elección de carrera como parte de su autodeterminación en la vida. No obstante, no se puede suponer que este proceso sea autoajustable, sin necesidad de control y soporte práctico. Además de eso, muchos jóvenes suelen elegir su carrera por atributos externos, incluyendo publicidad, espectacularidad, valor de prestigio en el círculo ínmediato, la presencia de las cuales genera el interés en aprenderla. Con todo eso, a veces los jóvenes no consideran su cumplimiento con las exigencias para especialistas en una esfera particular, incluyendo rasgos personales de significancia profesional, nivel de desarrollo intelectual y capacidades psíquicas y fisiológicas necesariaы para practicar precisamente la actividad profesional concreta. La sociedad presta una atención creciente al desarrollo integral de talentos naturales de la generación joven así como a su crecimiento profesional, es decir, a la ayuda a los jóvenes con la elección de carrera. En este caso, se debe hacer la elección profesional teniendo en cuenta no solamente las necesidades y aptitudes de los jóvenes propios pero tambíen la conyuntura del mercado de trabajo en el contexto de actualizaciones permanentes de la lista de profesiones solicitadas. La disposición para responder rápidamente a los requerimientos del mercado es el enfoque más adoptado a la elección de carrera en la situación moderna. La ayuda oportuna y de alta calidad en la orientación profesional permitirá a los jóvenes a satisfacer su necesidad de realización propia.A autodeterminação profissional dos jovens é um processo controverso, complicado pela necessidade de escolher o campo de atividade e determinar seu lugar na vida. Levar em conta a complexa influência de todos os fatores na orientação profissional dos jovens é considerado uma garantia confiável da escolha da profissão do jovem como parte da autodeterminação da vida. Entretanto, não se pode supor que este processo não precise de gerenciamento e apoio prático, e pode ser realizado de forma auto-ajustável. Além disso, ao escolher uma profissão, os jovens muitas vezes confiam em atributos externos (publicidade, ostentação, prestígio da profissão dentro dos círculos imediatos), o que dá origem a um interesse correspondente em seu desenvolvimento. Às vezes eles não levam em conta sua correspondência com as exigências do campo profissional particular: características pessoais que representam a importância de um profissional, nível intelectual de desenvolvimento ou as capacidades fisiológicas necessárias para a implementação desta atividade profissional. Uma maior atenção é destinada ao desenvolvimento dos instintos naturais da geração mais jovem, assim como sua formação profissional, ou seja, na organização da assistência aos jovens na escolha de um emprego. Ao mesmo tempo, a escolha deve ser feita não apenas com foco nas necessidades e oportunidades dos próprios jovens, mas também levando em conta a situação do mercado de trabalho nas condições de atualização contínua da lista de profissões populares. A vontade de responder rapidamente às demandas do mercado é a abordagem mais aprovada para escolher uma profissão em condições modernas. Uma assistência oportuna e qualificada na orientação profissional ajudaria os jovens a atender à mais alta necessidade: a necessidade de auto-realização

Provision of first aid in hazard of emergency chemically dangerous substances on the example of the Chernobyl NPP accident

In this article describes the first aid problems in radioactive accidents. Compares the standards of first aid in radioactive accidents and the organization of first aid in the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Mistakes in the organization of first aid in this accident entailed a lot of human loss, which could have been avoided, if it was properly organizedВ статье затрагиваются проблемы оказания первой медицинской помощи при поражении аварийно-химически опасными веществами на примере аварии Чернобыльской АЭС. А также сравниваются стандарты оказания первой медицинской помощи при радиоактивных авариях и организация первой медицинской помощи при аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС. Ошибки в оказании первой медицинской помощи повлекли за собой большие человеческие потери, которых можно было избежать при ее правильной организаци

The system of organ donation in the Orenburg region - prospects for further development

The article presents the results of the analysis and evaluation of the regional blood transfusion service. It is noted that in the Orenburg region carried out the restructuring of services, created and functioning system for ensuring quality and safety of all phases of the process of procurement, storage and transportation of blood components. The region has successfully implemented a comprehensive program of development of blood transfusion services, including the development of donor movement. Events of this program will stop the process of reducing the number of blood donors, noted in 2011-2012. In addition, the increase in the number of blood donations, which allowed to harvest up to 18 tons of blood components per year.В статье представлены результаты анализа и оценки деятельности региональной службы переливания крови. Отмечено, что в Оренбургской области осуществлена реструктуризация службы, создана и функционирует система обеспечения качества и безопасности всех этапов технологического процесса заготовки, хранения и транспортировки компонентов крови. В регионе успешно реализуется комплексная Программа развития службы переливания крови, включающая развитие донорского движения. Мероприятия данной Программы позволили остановить процесс снижения числа доноров крови, отмеченный в 2011 -2012 годах. Помимо этого увеличилось и число донаций крови, что позволило заготавливать до 18 тонн компонентов крови в год

The stages of rendering of medical aid to patients with disorders of the veins

The article presents the results of analysis of organization of medical aid to patients with disorders of the veins in the Orenburg region. The insufficient provision of population with physicians, surgeons (10 thousand to 1,37) and cardiovascular surgeons (0,15 per 10 thousand), which is lower than the national average and, as a consequence of the low staffing data specialists in the departments of vascular surgery. Among the organizational problems of medical care are leading to the absence of a day hospital for surgical treatment of this disease; not enough widespread introduction of less traumatic methods of surgical treatment and the low percentage of patients in the departments of vascular surgery on the background of their high average duration of hospital stay. For changes and improvements suggested are the stages of rendering of medical aid to this category of patients.В статье представлены результаты анализа состояния организации медицинской помощи пациентам с патологией вен в Оренбургской области. Установлена недостаточная обеспеченность населения врачами-хирургами (1,37 на 10 тыс.) и сердечно-сосудистыми хирургами (0,15 на 10 тыс.), что привело к низкой укомплектованности отделений сосудистой хирургии данными специалистами. Среди организационных проблем оказания медицинской помощи пациентам с патологией вен ведущими являются: отсутствие в регионе дневного стационара для хирургического лечения данной патологии; недостаточно широкое внедрение малотравматичных методов хирургического лечения; низкая доля пациентов с венозной патологией в отделениях сосудистой хирургии. Для изменения и улучшения ситуации разработаны этапы оказания медицинской помощи данной категории пациентов

Search for socioanamnestic factors influencing the choice of a COVID-19 vaccine

The aim of the study - to determine the influence of socio-anamnestic factors of patients on the choice of a vaccine against COVID-19 of domestic or foreign production.Цель исследования - определить влияние социоанамнестических факторов пациентов на выбор вакцины от COVID-19 отечественного или зарубежного производств

The effect of hypothermia on the rat radioresistance

The cooling of Wistar rats up to 15-19 degrees C under a condition hypoxia-hypercapnia increased the radioresistance with a dose reduction factor (DRF) of 1.4. To elucidate the mechanisms of hypothermia radioprotective effect was evaluated the functional state of rat neocortex using a electroencephalogram (EEG) as well as was studied the lipid composition of neocortex under the conditions of both normothermia and hypothermia. At 19-20 degrees C the activity within a wide range of frequencies in EEG was suppressed; the nonregular slow waves were recorded against a background of "silence". The reduction of EEG spectrum with increasing temperature began with the low frequencies. At 26-28 degrees C the contribution of theta-rhythm (an indicator of brain activity level) in EEG reaches the normothermia value, from this point the rat brain starts to functionate as a whole system. At normothermia the similarity of neocortex lipid composition in nonhibernators (rats) and hibernators (ground squirrels) mammalians was noted. The difference is only in a higher content of phosphatidylinositol in rats. Rats falling into hypothermia state as well as ground squirrels into torpor is followed by a decrease of cholesterol content and the absence of significant changes of the phospholipid composition in neocortex tissues

The ability to solve elementary logic tasks in mice with the knockout of sodium–calcium exchanger gene 2 (NCX2)

Mice with a knockout of the sodium–calcium exchanger 2 (NCX2) gene were statistically significantly more successful than wild-type controls in the solution of two cognitive tasks, the test for the capacity to extrapolate the direction of the stimulus movement and the “puzzle-box” test for the capacity to find a hidden route to safe environment, which were based on food and aversive motivations, respectively. In both tests, the success of task solution was based on the animal’s ability to use the object’s “permanence” rule (according to J. Piaget). The data confirm that the knockout of this gene, which is accompanied by modulation of the temporal pattern of calcium membrane flux, also induces changes in mouse CNS plasticity