Tetraenoic Species Are Conserved in Muscarinically Enhanced Inositide Turnover

Carbamylcholine enhances the labeling of phosphatidate and phosphatidylinositol from 32 P i in nerve endings. Approximately 74% of labeled phosphatidate and 85% of labeled phosphatidylinositol produced on muscarinic stimulation are accounted for by tetraenoic species, as detected by argentation TLC. Incubation of membranes derived from nerve endings with [Γ- 32 P]ATP under conditions of phosphodiesteratic degradation of endogenous polyphosphoinositides resulted in increased labeling of phosphatidate. Approximately 78% of the newly formed phosphatidate was in a tetraenoic fraction. It is concluded that in muscarinically stimulated nerve endings, the diacylglycerol moiety is conserved following diacylglycerol release from polyphosphoinositides through its resynthesis to inositol lipid via phosphatidate.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65633/1/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05446.x.pd

BIOSYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL *

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73945/1/j.1749-6632.1970.tb56440.x.pd

Incidence and risk factors for tuberculosis among people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in the UK

Objective: The United Kingdom has a low tuberculosis incidence and earlier combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is expected to have reduced incidence among people with HIV. Epidemiological patterns and risk factors for active tuberculosis were analysed over a 20-year period among people accessing HIV care at sites participating in the UK CHIC observational study. Design: Cohort analysis. Methods: Data were included for individuals over 15 years old attending for HIV care between 1996 and 2017 inclusive, with at least 3 months follow-up recorded. Incidence rates of new tuberculosis events were calculated and stratified by ethnicity (white/Black/other) as a proxy for tuberculosis exposure. Poisson regression models were used to determine the associations of calendar year, ethnicity and other potential risk factors after cART initiation. Results: Fifty-eight thousand seven hundred and seventy-six participants (26.3% women; 54.5% white, 32.0% Black, 13.5% other/unknown ethnicity; median (interquartile range) age 34 (29–42) years) were followed for 546 617 person-years. Seven hundred and four were treated for active tuberculosis [rate 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.4/1000 person-years). Tuberculosis incidence decreased from 1.3 (1.2–1.5) to 0.6 (0.4–0.9)/1000 person-years from pre-2004 to 2011–2017. The decline among people of Black ethnicity was less steep than among those of white/other ethnicities, with incidence remaining high among Black participants in the latest period [2.1 (1.4–3.1)/1000 person-years]. Two hundred and eighty-three participants [191 (67%) Black African] had tuberculosis with viral load less than 50 copies/ml. Conclusion: Despite the known protective effect of cART against tuberculosis, a continuing disproportionately high incidence is seen among Black African people. Results support further interventions to prevent tuberculosis in this group

Metal-Free C-5 Hydroxylation of 8-Aminoquinoline Amide

Diacetoxyiodobenzene-mediated remote hydroxylation of 8-aminoquinoline amide at the C-5 position has been developed. Various aryl, heteroaryl, and aliphatic carboxamides work well to afford the hydroxylated derivatives in good yields. This protocol is scalable and exhibits high functional group tolerance. Experimental results suggest that the reaction likely proceeds through the single-electron-transfer pathway

NDM-519: WIND TESTING OF SPAN-WIRE TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS

Traffic signals are a critical part of the transportation infrastructure and it is important that they be robust enough to resist extreme wind storms lasting several hours. Failure of the signal systems results in unsafe traffic conditions during and after a storm, and the time taken for repairs delays recovery. A significant fraction of existing signals use span-wire supporting systems. The wire spans can range from 15 m to 60 m, depending on the width of the highway intersection, and exhibit nonlinear characteristics. The typical signal system used in Florida consists of the signal units, a catenary wire, hangers, a tensioned messenger wire, and the end support posts. The hangers are connected to the catenary wire at their upper ends and to the signal units at their lower end. They are also connected to the messenger wire just above the signal units. In light winds the weight of the signals is taken by the catenary wire and swinging of the signals is restrained by the messenger wire. In strong winds the combination of drag and lift forces on the signal units can result in substantial movement of the signals and changes in wire tension. To study the response of these types of system in strong winds the Florida State Department of Transportation has sponsored a research program at the Wall of Wind laboratory at Florida International University. The paper describes the development of a test rig that allows the non-linear response of the full scale signals to real wind conditions to be studied as a function of wind speed and direction. Preliminary results are also described, including the identification of an aerodynamic instability that can cause large amplitude oscillations of the whole signal system. The onset speed for the instability is a function of a number of parameters but most important are the signal geometry, the hanger design and the wire span

On incidence of diarrhea among children in India:Can the Gordian knot of complementarities be cut?

Drinking water, sanitation and hygiene behaviour, referred to as the wash variables by the United Nations Children's Emergency Fund, are acknowledged as the three main determinants of diarrhoeal diseases. But the impact of their complementarities on disease incidence remains understudied. This study uses state and household level data to examine the determinants of child diarrhoeal incidence. It introduces indicators of wash quality and combined presence, both atthe household and state levels. It combines them in a novel analysis to understand their roles. In the Indian states, with the worst wash infrastructure, these variables are strategic substitutes, but as wash infrastructure improves, they become strategic complements. Thus, resource allocation to lower diarrhoea incidence must take into account the complementary rather than individual presence of these focal variables. Further, the quality of wash also matters. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, targeting universal sanitation coverage, is unlikely to be effective unless it breaks the Gordian knot of complementarities and wash quality holding up the burden of childhood diarrhoea