Total Lymphocyte Count as a Nutritional Parameter in Hospitalized Patients

Background: Nowadays, there are still many malnourished patients during hospitalization, which comprises around 45-50% patients. Malnutrition is related to increased mortality and morbidity rate; therefore, nutritional state should be assessed in hospitalized patients. Total lymphocyte count (TLC) is related to decreased body function in malnutrition and it is a means of nutritional assessment. Until now, there is no data showing association between malnutrition and TLC in hospitalized patients in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to identify the association between malnutrition and TLC < 1,200 cell/mm3 in hospitalized patients. Method: This study was a cross-sectional study. Subjects were new patients hospitalized at internal medicine ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Patients were collected by consecutive sampling. We conducted the study between April and May 2008. Fifty four patients were assessed for malnutrition by the subjective global assessment (SGA) and they also had undergone complete blood count. TLC was numbered with routine complete blood count test. Patients were classified into malnutrition according to SGA. TLC was classified with cut-off point of 1,200 cell/mm3. Statistical analysis included Chi-square test, which was used to compare proportion. Results: There were 52% malnourished patients, 33% patients with TLC < 1,200 cell/mm3, 57% patients with malnutrition and TLC < 1,200 cell/mm3. This study showed that there was an association between malnutrition and TLC < 1,200 cell/mm3 (p = 0.001). Moreover, there was also significant association between severe malnutrition (SGA C) with TLC < 900 cell/mm3 (p = 0.02). Conclusion: There is an association between malnutrition and TLC < 1,200 cell/mm3

Kick stability in groups and dynamical systems

We consider a general construction of ``kicked systems''. Let G be a group of measure preserving transformations of a probability space. Given its one-parameter/cyclic subgroup (the flow), and any sequence of elements (the kicks) we define the kicked dynamics on the space by alternately flowing with given period, then applying a kick. Our main finding is the following stability phenomenon: the kicked system often inherits recurrence properties of the original flow. We present three main examples. 1) G is the torus. We show that for generic linear flows, and any sequence of kicks, the trajectories of the kicked system are uniformly distributed for almost all periods. 2) G is a discrete subgroup of PSL(2,R) acting on the unit tangent bundle of a Riemann surface. The flow is generated by a single element of G, and we take any bounded sequence of elements of G as our kicks. We prove that the kicked system is mixing for all sufficiently large periods if and only if the generator is of infinite order and is not conjugate to its inverse in G. 3) G is the group of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of a closed symplectic manifold. We assume that the flow is rapidly growing in the sense of Hofer's norm, and the kicks are bounded. We prove that for a positive proportion of the periods the kicked system inherits a kind of energy conservation law and is thus superrecurrent. We use tools of geometric group theory and symplectic topology.Comment: Latex, 40 pages, revised versio

On the linear independence of spikes and sines

The purpose of this work is to survey what is known about the linear independence of spikes and sines. The paper provides new results for the case where the locations of the spikes and the frequencies of the sines are chosen at random. This problem is equivalent to studying the spectral norm of a random submatrix drawn from the discrete Fourier transform matrix. The proof involves depends on an extrapolation argument of Bourgain and Tzafriri.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures. Revision with new proof of major theorem

Charging Induced Emission of Neutral Atoms from NaCl Nanocube Corners

Detachment of neutral cations/anions from solid alkali halides can in principle be provoked by donating/subtracting electrons to the surface of alkali halide crystals, but generally constitutes a very endothermic process. However, the amount of energy required for emission is smaller for atoms located in less favorable positions, such as surface steps and kinks. For a corner ion in an alkali halide cube the binding is the weakest, so it should be easier to remove that atom, once it is neutralized. We carried out first principles density functional calculations and simulations of neutral and charged NaCl nanocubes, to establish the energetics of extraction of neutralized corner ions. Following hole donation (electron removal) we find that detachment of neutral Cl corner atoms will require a limited energy of about 0.8 eV. Conversely, following the donation of an excess electron to the cube, a neutral Na atom is extractable from the corner at the lower cost of about 0.6 eV. Since the cube electron affinity level (close to that a NaCl(100) surface state, which we also determine) is estimated to lie about 1.8 eV below vacuum, the overall energy balance upon donation to the nanocube of a zero energy electron from vacuum will be exothermic. The atomic and electronic structure of the NaCl(100) surface, and of the nanocube Na and Cl corner vacancies are obtained and analyzed as a byproduct.Comment: 16 pages, 2 table, 7 figure

On the Fourier transform of the characteristic functions of domains with C1C^1 -smooth boundary

We consider domains $D\subseteq\mathbb R^n$ with $C^1$ -smooth boundary and study the following question: when the Fourier transform $\hat{1_D}$ of the characteristic function $1_D$ belongs to $L^p(\mathbb R^n)$?Comment: added two references; added footnotes on pages 6 and 1

Spinless Matter in Transposed-Equi-Affine Theory of Gravity

We derive and discus the equations of motion for spinless matter: relativistic spinless scalar fields, particles and fluids in the recently proposed by A. Saa model of gravity with covariantly constant volume with respect to the transposed connection in Einstein-Cartan spaces. A new interpretation of this theory as a theory with variable Plank "constant" is suggested. We show that the consistency of the semiclassical limit of the wave equation and classical motion dictates a new definite universal interaction of torsion with massive fields.Comment: 29 pages, latex, no figures. New Section on semiclassical limit of wave equation added; old references rearranged; new references, remarks, comments, and acknowledgments added; typos correcte

Uniform approximation of Poisson integrals of functions from the class H_omega by de la Vallee Poussin sums

We obtain asymptotic equalities for least upper bounds of deviations in the uniform metric of de la Vall\'{e}e Poussin sums on the sets C^{q}_{\beta}H_\omega of Poisson integrals of functions from the class H_\omega generated by convex upwards moduli of continuity \omega(t) which satisfy the condition \omega(t)/t\to\infty as t\to 0. As an implication, a solution of the Kolmogorov-Nikol'skii problem for de la Vall\'{e}e Poussin sums on the sets of Poisson integrals of functions belonging to Lipschitz classes H^\alpha, 0<\alpha <1, is obtaine

Monte Carlo Methods for Estimating Interfacial Free Energies and Line Tensions

Excess contributions to the free energy due to interfaces occur for many problems encountered in the statistical physics of condensed matter when coexistence between different phases is possible (e.g. wetting phenomena, nucleation, crystal growth, etc.). This article reviews two methods to estimate both interfacial free energies and line tensions by Monte Carlo simulations of simple models, (e.g. the Ising model, a symmetrical binary Lennard-Jones fluid exhibiting a miscibility gap, and a simple Lennard-Jones fluid). One method is based on thermodynamic integration. This method is useful to study flat and inclined interfaces for Ising lattices, allowing also the estimation of line tensions of three-phase contact lines, when the interfaces meet walls (where "surface fields" may act). A generalization to off-lattice systems is described as well. The second method is based on the sampling of the order parameter distribution of the system throughout the two-phase coexistence region of the model. Both the interface free energies of flat interfaces and of (spherical or cylindrical) droplets (or bubbles) can be estimated, including also systems with walls, where sphere-cap shaped wall-attached droplets occur. The curvature-dependence of the interfacial free energy is discussed, and estimates for the line tensions are compared to results from the thermodynamic integration method. Basic limitations of all these methods are critically discussed, and an outlook on other approaches is given