Идея социального государства в аспекте государственно-правового монизма и плюрализма

The problem of implementing the idea of a social state is considered from the point of view of state-legal monism and pluralism at the level of humanity, that is the possibility of the emergence of a universally recognized model of such a state or the inevitability of the coexistence of various such models due to national, economic, cultural factors operating in specific countries.Attention is drawn to the fact that such a problem is also relevant in relation to the ideas of a democratic and rule-of-law state. In general, the coincidence of formal characteristics of states reflected in modern constitutions is accompanied by statements about the absence of unified concepts of democracy and human rights. To an even greater extent, this is characteristic of the search for a solution to the so-called social issue. The theses underlying the concept of the welfare state by L. von Stein are presented. In particular, it is indicated that, in his opinion, the simple development of the social security system of the poor class is not enough to solve the “social issue”. The further development of the idea of a social state is shown, discussions are touched upon regarding the understanding of its essence and the problems that were revealed during the social reforms carried out by socio-democratic and liberal forces in capitalist states at the end of the 19th and 20th century.The main approaches to the constitutionalization of the social state are revealed (the “simple” proclamation of “social” statehood in the constitution; the clear formation of the goals and objectives of such a state; the absence of an indication of the social nature of the state). The classifications of the welfare state carried out by G. Esping-Andersen, as well as modern researchers of Russia and neighboring countries are analyzed. It is established that the very existence of a “social issue” and the importance of one or another of its solutions are gradually becoming generally recognized. Despite this, the fixation of the social character of the state has not yet received the same universal distribution as, for example, theses about the democratic and legal nature of the state. Both the implementation of the idea of a welfare state where it is legally recognized, and its declared “projects” are very diverse, while the typology of the welfare state is subject to further study. The social model, the framework of which determines the position of the state in relation to society, is, on the one hand, the result of the evolution of a complex of factors specific to each country, and on the other, the result of a conscious choice. Different models of the welfare state are characterized by different degrees of realization of the interests of different social classes, a different relationship between the beginnings of society and the state. Accordingly, these models are “attractive” to representatives of the haves and have-nots to varying degrees, they compete with each other at the international level. It is concluded that the idea of a social state can be reduced to a certain unity, whereas the ways of its implementation are inevitably multiple.Рассматривается проблема воплощения в жизнь идеи социального государства с точки зрения государственно-правового монизма и плюрализма на уровне человечества, т. е. возможности возникновения общепризнанной модели такого государства или же неизбежности сосуществования различных таких моделей, обусловленных национальными, экономическими, культурными факторами, действующими в конкретных странах.Приведены тезисы, положенные в основу концепции социального государства Л. фон Штейном, показано дальнейшее ее развитие. Выявлены основные подходы к конституциализации и типологии социального государства. Сделан вывод, что идея социального государства может быть сведена к определенному единству, тогда как способы ее реализации неизбежно множественны

Новые инструменты финансирования малого и среднего предпринимательства в России: краудинвестинг

Access to financing is a fundamental factor determining growth opportunities for small and medium enterprises. Along with the state forms of support for the subjects of this business segment, as well as traditional banking products, private investment mechanisms are being developed through the establishment and extension of crowdinvesting platforms. They imply involving funds of population as the most important market agent. The aim of the article is to reveal the key importance of the institutional development of the crowdfunding and crowdinvesting market as a modern tool for supporting small and medium enterprises, reproduction of people’s personal savings and incomes of professional investors. The following scientific methods and approaches were used in the study: observation, comparison, analogies, analysis, synthesis, method of expert assessments, system and structured approach. The authors’ definition of crowdinvesting is given. Three fundamental features of crowdinvesting are defined: collective microfinancing of a project from an alternative set of startups, an intermediate agent in the form of a remote platform, financial retribution. To prove the development of the world and domestic crowdinvesting market, its condition and the performance indicators of well-known crowdinvesting companies are characterized in dynamics. The authors revealed the key advantages of crowdinvesting, factors stimulating of its volume growth in Russia, as well as risks, mainly associated with insufficient regulation of the new and fast-growing institutional mechanism of crowdinvesting. The important perspective of crowdinvesting as an instrument of project financing in Russia is highlighted on the example of specific scopes for investment, multifunctional services of Russian platforms, expanding pool of investors, new financial and technological methods of exchange and support. The study allowed identifying a number of key areas for crowdinvesting development in Russia. The work mainstreams: building an effective regulation system for crowdinvesting platforms, including through developing self-regulation tools, a co-financing program for crowdinvesting projects from development institutions, the work of the regulatory sandbox, legislative consolidation and support for implementing new types of information and economic interaction on crowdinvesting platforms (not only B 2B, P2B, but also G2B, B 2G).Доступ к финансированию — фундаментальный фактор, определяющий возможности роста малого и среднего предпринимательства. Наряду с государственными формами поддержки субъектов данного сегмента бизнеса, а также традиционными банковскими продуктами развиваются механизмы частных инвестиций посредством становления и распространения платформ краудинвестинга. Они предполагают вовлечение средств населения как важнейшего рыночного агента. Цель работы — раскрыть ключевое значение институционального развития рынка краудфинансов и краудинвестинга как современного инструмента поддержки малого и среднего предпринимательства, воспроизводства сбережений населения и доходов профессиональных инвесторов. В исследовании использовались следующие научные методы и подходы: наблюдение, сравнение, аналогии, анализ, обобщение, метод экспертных оценок, системно-структурный подход. Дано авторское определение краудинвестинга. Определены три его основополагающие черты: коллективное микрофинансирование объекта из альтернативного набора стартапов, наличие промежуточного агента в виде удаленной платформы, финансовая возмездность. В доказательство становления мирового и отечественного рынка краудинвестинга охарактеризованы в динамике его состояние, показатели деятельности известных краудинвестинговых компаний. Выявлены ключевые преимущества краудинвестинга, факторы, стимулирующие рост его объемов в России, а также риски, главным образом связанные с недостаточным регулированием нового и быстроразвивающегося институционального механизма краудинвестинга. На примере конкретных сфер приложения капитала, мультифункциональности сервисов российских платформ, расширения круга инвесторов, вовлечения новых финансовых и технологических методов обмена и поддержки обозначена перспективная роль краудинвестинга как инструмента проектного финансирования в России. Предложенное исследование позволило обозначить ряд значимых направлений развития краудинвестинга в России. В работе актуализированы: выстраивание эффективной системы регулирования деятельности краудплатформ, в том числе через развитие инструментов саморегулирования, программы софинансирования краудпроектов со стороны институтов развития, работу регуляторной «песочницы», законодательное закрепление и поддержку реализации новых видов информационного и экономического взаимодействия на краудплатформах (не только в формате B 2B, P2B, но и G2B, B 2G)

New Instruments for Financing Small and Medium Enterprises in Russia: Crowdinvesting

Access to financing is a fundamental factor determining growth opportunities for small and medium enterprises. Along with the state forms of support for the subjects of this business segment, as well as traditional banking products, private investment mechanisms are being developed through the establishment and extension of crowdinvesting platforms. They imply involving funds of population as the most important market agent. The aim of the article is to reveal the key importance of the institutional development of the crowdfunding and crowdinvesting market as a modern tool for supporting small and medium enterprises, reproduction of people’s personal savings and incomes of professional investors. The following scientific methods and approaches were used in the study: observation, comparison, analogies, analysis, synthesis, method of expert assessments, system and structured approach. The authors’ definition of crowdinvesting is given. Three fundamental features of crowdinvesting are defined: collective microfinancing of a project from an alternative set of startups, an intermediate agent in the form of a remote platform, financial retribution. To prove the development of the world and domestic crowdinvesting market, its condition and the performance indicators of well-known crowdinvesting companies are characterized in dynamics. The authors revealed the key advantages of crowdinvesting, factors stimulating of its volume growth in Russia, as well as risks, mainly associated with insufficient regulation of the new and fast-growing institutional mechanism of crowdinvesting. The important perspective of crowdinvesting as an instrument of project financing in Russia is highlighted on the example of specific scopes for investment, multifunctional services of Russian platforms, expanding pool of investors, new financial and technological methods of exchange and support. The study allowed identifying a number of key areas for crowdinvesting development in Russia. The work mainstreams: building an effective regulation system for crowdinvesting platforms, including through developing self-regulation tools, a co-financing program for crowdinvesting projects from development institutions, the work of the regulatory sandbox, legislative consolidation and support for implementing new types of information and economic interaction on crowdinvesting platforms (not only B 2B, P2B, but also G2B, B 2G)

The formation of regional pharmaceutical clusters in modern Russia

The article substantiates the importance of development of the regional pharmaceutical clusters in such a geographically huge country like Russia in the context of the overall development of the national pharmaceutical market. Geographical localization of cluster's participants which includes the scientific institutions, pre-clinical and clinical base, modern manufacturing entities and the expert organizations, will contribute to reduce the time-consuming, as well as logistics costs and marketing communications costs that finally means the big affordability of medicinal agents for the country population

Brentuximab vedotin in children and adolescents with Hodgkin’s lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma – literature review and own experience

Despite significant advances in the treatment of lymphomas in children remain a small proportion of patients with refractory or recurrent disease. An effective approach to the treatment of such patients – not only is the second line chemotherapy, but the use of the new targeted therapies. An example of this approach is the use of brentuximab vedotin (antibody-drug conjugate directed to the CD30) in relapsed Hodgkin’s lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Literature review and own experience of using this drug in children are describes in this article