Sustainable Strategy Financing for Sub-Sahara African Environmental Projects

A growing awareness for the need for finance in order to implement active public policies on environmental project will require nations’ and local agencies’ pro-active financing strategy. Awareness will facilitate to create more sustainable economic structures and processes to combat ecological crises. Financing environmental projects should consciously gain national consciousness and action. Denying being conversant with feasible environmental project and available financing strategy is to further jeopardize prevalent environmental challenges. This study is a survey of environment strategy financing available to Sub Saharan countries’ environmental projects particularly Water Supply, Waste Water Treatment, and Urban Solid Waste Scheme

Tax Administration and Revenue Generation of Lagos State Government, Nigeria

The study examines the overall effectiveness of tax administration in relation to assessment, collection and remittance of tax in Lagos State, Nigeria. A survey questionnaire of the machinery of tax administration was carried out where 130 questionnaires were administered to analyse the opinion of civil servants directly connected with tax administration in the five Local government areas of Lagos State (Somulu, Mushin, Ikeja, Kosofe and Surulere). Hypothesis tested for the relationship which exists between tax administration, tax regulation and revenue generation. The Kendall measure was adopted and finding is that the tax administration in Lagos state is not totally efficient. Hence, tax administration affects the revenue generated by the government; also, there is a significant relationship between tax administration, tax policies and tax laws. The study therefore recommends that Lagos State Government could put in place a tax system that can enhance better administration of tax systems and tax collections should be left in the hands of private organisations. Keywords: Taxation, Administration, Revenue and Tax law

Occupation, Culture and Religion as Mediating Effect of Borrowers` Poverty Alleviation Loan Repayment

It is widely believed that religion and culture offer distinctiveness to credit loan for poverty alleviation programmes, and loan repayment. The major religions of the world urge members to assist the poor, devoting time, material and spiritual resources to this cause. It is widely believed that religion and culture offer distinctiveness to credit loan for poverty alleviation programmes, and loan repayment, but this has not sufficiently proved true. The purpose of the study is to resolve the problem of the small entrepreneurs in accessing loans for poverty alleviation through further investigating the moderating effect or otherwise of culture, religion and occupation on poverty alleviation loan repayment. The exploratory cross sectional research design was adopted. The population is the entire microfinance banks in Ogun State, Nigeria which are 53 (CBN, 2012), including micro-loan beneficiaries. The value of loan granted to the beneficiaries of selected microfinance banks is N185,115,000 while the total numbers of beneficiaries is 4,016 between the year 2008 and 2012. Logistic regressions model was adopted to ascertain if borrower’s culture, religion and occupation have mediating effect on Loan Repayment-Poverty Alleviation relationship. The simultaneous effect of the three predictor variable (borrower’s culture, religion and occupation) was analyzed using logistic regression model and the results were presented. The analysis was performed with a total of 1745 cases. The full model significantly predicted the poverty alleviation and loan repayments among beneficiaries (omnibus chi square = 16.997, df = 3, p < 0.05). i.e., there is statistically, simultaneous effect of borrower’s culture, religion and occupation on loan repayment and poverty alleviation. The full model accounted for between 1 and 2.5% of the variance in poverty alleviation and loan repayments. However, the logistic regression model for each predictor variables revealed that only borrower’s culture is significant. The model predicts a negative effect of borrower’s culture on loan repayment-poverty alleviation relationship. The negative value indicates that the probability of alleviating poverty and loan repayments among beneficiaries declined with increase in borrower’s culture by a factor of 0.442 and 0.170. The magnitude of the decrease for poverty alleviation is in the range of 23.3 to 83.9% and 9.2 and 31.6% for loan repayment Keywords: Borrowers’ poverty alleviation, Occupation, culture, Religion, mediating effect

Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection -Strategies for Developing Nations 2010 SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY FINANCING FOR SUB-SAHARA AFRICAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTS

ABSTRACT A growing awareness for the need for finance in order to implement active public policies on environmental project will require nations' and local agencies' pro-active financing strategy. Awareness will facilitate to create more sustainable economic structures and processes to combat ecological crises. Financing environmental projects should consciously gain national consciousness and action. Denying being conversant with feasible environmental project and available financing strategy is to further jeopardize prevalent environmental challenges. This study is a survey of environment strategy financing available to Sub Saharan countries' environmental projects particularly Water Supply, Waste Water Treatment, and Urban Solid Waste Scheme. Key words: Environmental projects, Water Supply, Waste Water Treatment and Urban Solid Waste Scheme BACKGROUND The high population growth of most Sub-Saharan countries has witnessed by far little commensurate growth in urban city infrastructure and services such Water Supply, Waste Water Treatment and Urban Solid Waste Scheme. Urban dwellers have not been adequately provided with water supply, waste water and essential infrastructural facilities and services. Also, there have not been adequate coastal zone development and management to cater for particularly, solid waste such as organic solids and plastic components in urban cities. Consequently, wastes are discharged in water bodies, or into rivers and beaches. These in turn cause health hazards and degradation to marine life which cause mortality to marine organisms, mammals and sea birds. Most developing nations have undertaken the financing of environmental projects to provide these much needed facilities and services. Financing capital expenditure of these projects has been 'characterized by reliance on shrinking public budgets, user charges significantly below cost recovery levels, non-transparent and inefficient subsidy schemes&apos

Determinant Controllability of Responsibility Accounting in Profit Planning

The issue of stewardship and scarcity of resources have brought about the need to attach responsibility to activities. Systems designed expected to accumulate costs for the purpose of ascertaining product and period costs in order to plan profit have failed to identify responsibility managers who should control these costs. This study sought to review literature on the controllability principle in responsibility accounting concept as a determinant of profit planning. Arising from this study, controllability establishes and reports the cause and effect relationships between activities of specific managers and the performance of their activities. It is also observed that in addition to assigning costs to specific responsibility centres, two extreme levels of the application of the controllability principle exist. These are the low level and high level controllability accounting application systems. Nonetheless, there are some organizations that fall within the continuum of these application systems.Key words: Controllability; Principal-Agent model; Profit planning; Responsibility accountin

Issues of Taxation in the Oil and Gas Sector in Selected Countries: Lessons for Ghana

Issues of Taxation in the Oil and Gas Sector in Selected Countries: Lessons for Ghana undertakes a review of petroleum taxation in selected countries around the world and seeks to fashion a way for Ghana’s infantile petroleum industry. In other words, the study seeks to facilitate a smooth tax regime and policy for Ghana. The study is based on literature arising from desk research as well as through telephone interviews. Petroleum taxation regimes of the countries under study portend to mitigate the current inconsistencies and resulting contentions from tax payers in Ghana.Key words: Oil and gas; Petroleum; Crude oil; Hydrocarbon; Upstream petroleum operations; Taxation; Tax legislation; Royalty; Income ta

International accounting: worldwide accounting diversities and harmonization

No Abstract. Nigeria Journal of Business Administration Vol. 6(1) 2004: 165-17

OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF FISCAL AND MONETARY POLICIES IN NIGERIAN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

ABSTRAC

Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: Evidence from Nigerian manufacturing sector

The study examined the relationship between CSR and firms ’ financial performance with focus on the Nigerian manufacturing sector. It employed descriptive research design and selected a sample of 20 firms-years during 2002-2011. The population of the study comprises of manufacturing companies that are listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange; samples were selected using simple random sampling method. Data were collected from the audited financial statements of the selected companies for a period of ten years. Using profit before tax and annual turnover as proxies for financial performance, correlation and regression analysis were conducted. The results revealed a significant relationship between CSR and profit before tax on one hand; and CSR and turnover on the other hand. The main recommendation is for the firms to increase their investments in CSR as this would boost their financial performance in the long run

Could Masks Curtail the Post-Lockdown Resurgence of Covid-19 in the US?

The community lockdown measures implemented in the United States from late March to late May of 2020 resulted in a significant reduction in the community transmission of the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the country. However, a number of US states are currently experiencing an alarming post-lockdown resurgence of the pandemic, triggering fears for a devastating second pandemic wave. We designed a mathematical model for addressing the key question of whether or not the universal use of face masks can halt such resurgence (and possibly avert a second wave, without having to undergo another cycle of major community lockdown) in the states of Arizona, Florida, New York and the entire US. Model calibration, using cumulative mortality data for the four jurisdictions during their respective pre-lockdown and lockdown periods, show that pre-symptomatic and asymptomatically-infectious individuals are, by far, the main drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic in each of the jurisdictions. The implication of this result is that detecting and isolating individuals with clinical symptoms of the pandemic alone (even if all of them are found) may not be sufficient to effectively curtail the pandemic. To achieve such control, it is crucially-necessary that pre-symptomatic and asymptomatically-infectious individuals are rapidly detected and isolated (and their contacts rapidly traced and tested). Our study highlights the importance of early implementation of the community lockdown measures. In particular, a sizable reduction in the burden of the pandemic would have been recorded in each of the four jurisdictions if the community lockdown measures were implemented a week or two earlier. These reductions are significantly increased if the early implementation of the lockdown measures was complemented with a public face mask use strategy. With all related control measures maintained at their baseline levels, this study shows that the pandemic would have been almost completely suppressed from significantly taking off if the lockdown measures were implemented two weeks earlier, and if a sizable percentage of the residents of the four jurisdictions wore face masks during the respective lockdown periods. The burden of the second wave of the pandemic would have been reduced significantly if the lockdown measures were extended by two weeks. We simulated the pandemic in the four jurisdictions under three levels of lifting of community lockdown, namely mild, moderate and high. For the scenario where the control measures adopted are maintained at their baseline levels during the lockdown period, our simulations show that the states of Arizona and Florida will record devastating second waves of the pandemic by the end of 2020, while the state of New York and the entire US will record milder second waves. If the community lockdown measures were lifted at the mild lifting level (i.e., only limited community contacts and business activities are allowed, in comparison to the levels of these activities allowed during the corresponding lockdown period), only the state of Florida will experience a second wave. It is further shown that the severity of the projected second waves depend on the level of lifting of the community lockdown. For instance, the projected second wave for Arizona and Florida will be more severe than their respective first waves. It is further shown that, for high level of lifting of community lockdown measures, the increased use of face masks after the lockdown period greatly reduces the burden of the pandemic in each jurisdiction. In particular, for this high lockdown lifting scenario, none of the four jurisdictions will experience a second wave if half of their residents wear face masks consistently after their respective lockdown period. A diagnostic testing strategy that increases the maximum detection rate of asymptomatic infected individuals (followed by contact tracing and self-isolation of the detected cases) greatly reduces the burden of the pandemic in all four jurisdictions, particularly if also combined with a universal face mask use strategy. Finally, it is shown that the universal use of face masks in public, with at least moderate level of compliance, could halt the post-lockdown resurgence of COVID-19, in addition to averting the potential for (and severity of) a second wave of the pandemic in each of the four jurisdictions