Necessity of integral formalism

To describe the physical reality, there are two ways of constructing the dynamical equation of field, differential formalism and integral formalism. The importance of this fact is firstly emphasized by Yang in case of gauge field [Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 (1974) 445], where the fact has given rise to a deeper understanding for Aharonov-Bohm phase and magnetic monopole [Phys. Rev. D. 12 (1975) 3845]. In this paper we shall point out that such a fact also holds in general wave function of matter, it may give rise to a deeper understanding for Berry phase. Most importantly, we shall prove a point that, for general wave function of matter, in the adiabatic limit, there is an intrinsic difference between its integral formalism and differential formalism. It is neglect of this difference that leads to an inconsistency of quantum adiabatic theorem pointed out by Marzlin and Sanders [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 160408]. It has been widely accepted that there is no physical difference of using differential operator or integral operator to construct the dynamical equation of field. Nevertheless, our study shows that the Schrodinger differential equation (i.e., differential formalism for wave function) shall lead to vanishing Berry phase and that the Schrodinger integral equation (i.e., integral formalism for wave function), in the adiabatic limit, can satisfactorily give the Berry phase. Therefore, we reach a conclusion: There are two ways of describing physical reality, differential formalism and integral formalism; but the integral formalism is a unique way of complete description.Comment: 13Page; Schrodinger differential equation shall lead to vanishing Berry phas

Molecular diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis by multi-gene target sequencing in Korea: matching with osmotic fragility test and presence of spherocyte

Background Current diagnostic tests for hereditary spherocytosis (HS) focus on the detection of hemolysis or indirectly assessing defects of membrane protein, whereas direct methods to detect protein defects are complicated and difficult to implement. In the present study, we investigated the patterns of genetic variation associated with HS among patients clinically diagnosed with HS. Methods Multi-gene targeted sequencing of 43 genes (17 RBC membrane protein-encoding genes, 20 RBC enzyme-encoding genes, and six additional genes for the differential diagnosis) was performed using the Illumina HiSeq platform. Results Among 59 patients with HS, 50 (84.7%) had one or more significant variants in a RBC membrane protein-encoding genes. A total of 54 significant variants including 46 novel mutations were detected in six RBC membrane protein-encoding genes, with the highest number of variants found in SPTB (n = 28), and followed by ANK1 (n = 19), SLC4A1 (n = 3), SPTA1 (n = 2), EPB41 (n = 1), and EPB42 (n = 1). Concurrent mutations of genes encoding RBC enzymes (ALDOB, GAPDH, and GSR) were detected in three patients. UGT1A1 mutations were present in 24 patients (40.7%). Positive rate of osmotic fragility test was 86.8% among patients harboring HS-related gene mutations. Conclusions This constitutes the first large-scaled genetic study of Korean patients with HS. We demonstrated that multi-gene target sequencing is sensitive and feasible that can be used as a powerful tool for diagnosing HS. Considering the discrepancies of clinical and molecular diagnoses of HS, our findings suggest that molecular genetic analysis is required for accurate diagnosis of HS.Support was provided by: the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (NRF-2017R1A2A1A17069780) http://www.nrf.re.kr/

Stolbur phytoplasmas infecting chrysanthemum plants in Serbia.

During a survey on ornamental crops growing in open field, chrysanthemum plants showing flower proliferation, virescence and stunting were observed. To verify possible phytoplasma association with described symptoms, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses on phytoplasma 16Sr DNA were carried out. Phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrXII-A ribosomal subgroup (stolbur) were identified in all samples tested from symptomatic plants. This first report of 16SrXII-A stolbur phytoplasmas in chrysanthemum with flower proliferation and stunting symptoms allow to distinguish this from already known chrysanthemum yellows associated with phytoplasmas belonging to aster yellows 16SrI-B ribosomal group, \u2019Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris\u2019

The stability of metal-tanned and semi-metal tanned collagen

The metal tanning and semi-metal tanning potency of the first row transition metals was studied using hide powder. Transition metals show different levels of synergistic hydrothermal stabilisation in semi-metal tanning. Measurement of hydrothermal stability was carried out regularly in order to monitor the stability and permanence of tanning interactions in metal tanned and semi-metal tanned leathers. The results indicate that the physico-chemical properties of leather can be altered as a result of redox interactions, in which certain transition metals play the role of a catalyst. The extent of metal catalysed oxidative degradation of leather can proceed to the extent of complete destruction of the tanning matrix as well as the collagen itself. A proposed mechanism of metal catalysed autodegradation in semi-vanadium (IV) leather is discussed with regard to experimental results and a review of earlier research on the interaction of vanadium salts with phenolic compounds