Bi-amalgamated algebra with (n; p)-weakly clean like properties

Let f : A −→ B and g : A −→ C be two ring homomorphisms and let K and K′ be two ideals of B and C, respectively such that f −1(K) = g−1(K′). In this paper, we give a characterization for the bi-amalgamation of A with (B, C) along (K, K′) with respect to (f, g) (denoted by A ▷◁f,g (K, K′)) to be a (n, p)-weakly clean ring

Factors Affecting Insecticide-Induced Resurgence of the Brown Planthopper, \u3ci\u3eNilaparvata lugens\u3c/i\u3e on Rice

Resurgence of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) on rice was induced by applications of decamethrin, methyl parathion, and diazinon. Differential mortality of predators and hoppers did not appear to be the primary factor for resurgence. Hoppers appeared to be attracted to methyl parathion and decamethrin treated plants because of plant growth. Improved plant growth, however, did not compensate for the increased feeding of the insecticide-treated hopper population, and plants treated with resurgence-causing insecticides succumbed to feeding injury earlier than untreated plants. Population increases were due in part to stimulation of reproduction of the hopper, either by contact action of the insecticides or through increased plant growth. Reduction in the length of the nymphal stage and increased adult longevity resulting in a shortened life cycle and longer oviposition period, respectively, were additional factors contributing to resurgence

Governance Challenges for Not-For-Profit Organisations: Empirical Evidence in Support of a Contingency Approach

This article presents empirical evidence of the governance challenges faced by Australian not-for-profit (NFP) organisations. There is a dearth of academic research in the not-for-profit sector on issues of governance. Using survey and interview data, we explore what NFP leaders believe are key governance challenges, and what this means for theory and practice of NFP governance. We demonstrate that the effectiveness of governance systems is influenced by internal and external contingencies that NFP organisations face, such as variations in board roles, stakeholder and membership demands, funding arrangements, board member recruitment processes, skills of board members, and resources for training and development. We argue for a shift of focus away from prescriptive and normative NFP governance models, and contend that generic best practice governance standards for NFPs ought not to be further pursued, and that a contingency approach is more promising

Governance Challenges for Not-for-Profit Organisations: Empirical Evidence in Support of A Contingency Approach

ABSTRACT: This article presents evidence of the governance challenges faced by Australian not-for-profit (NFP) organisations. We find a key challenge for NFPs is recruiting individuals with appropriate skills, as directors are volunteers often elected by the membership and frequently lack relevant experience. Another issue is balancing the needs of a diverse constituency with competing demands. We find that the often proposed solution to this challenge – stakeholder representation on boards – can further hinder the recruitment of suitable directors and create tensions detrimental to board effectiveness. We argue to shift focus away from normative governance models towards a contingency approach and posit a role for a national NFP sector regulator in assisting to develop appropriate governance systems according to contextual factors

Entrepreneurial Orientation and Organizational Learning on SMEs' Innovation

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is a driver of firms’ innovation. The phenomenon of EO as a prerequisite for innovation has become a central focus of corporate entrepreneurship literature. Despite an abundance of research suggesting that innovation capability contributes to SMEs’ performance, little is known how dimensions of EO specifically influence SMEs’ innovation. Furthermore, although prior research has examined various factors that influence the EO– innovation relationship, few studies have address views how organizational learning influences the EO-innovation relationship in the SMEs context. Based on the literature review, our study attempts to fill this gap by postulating that entrepreneurial innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking are related to SMEs’ innovation and that organizational learning positively moderates the EO–innovation relationships

Relationship between Macroeconomics and Stock Market: Empirical Study in Malaysia

This paper attempt to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic variables and FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI, the samples are divided into 2 groups such as foreign macroeconomic variables and local macroeconomic variables, foreign macroeconomic variables consist of Gold Bullion LBM price and Dow Jones Index, meanwhile local macroeconomic variables consist of Consumer Price Index, Base Lending Rate, Exchange Rate.This study employs data from Jan 2000 to Dec 2013 which contains a monthly data set of 168 observations. There are 3 methodologies used in this study to investigate the relationship, the first test is Unit Root test which used to test the stationary of each variable, the results indicate that all the variables are stationary in first difference, this is important to use stationary variables because if the variables are not stationary, it might lead to spurious regression. The second methodology is Johansen & Juselius Co-integration test to investigate the long run relationship among these variables, the results show that the foreign macroeconomic variables and local macroeconomic variables have long run relationship with KLCI and significant. Next, this study will investigate the short run relationship between macroeconomic variables and KLCI, the results indicate that Gold, BLR and CPI can granger cause KLCI and significant at 1%, 5% significance level respectively

Prediction of Biological Activity Spectra for Few Anticancer Drugs Derived from Plant Sources

Over the past decade plants have become an interesting source of new classes of pharmacologically active natural products. Some secondary metabolites are also well known for their effectiveness on living species. The PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances) computer program, which is able to simultaneously predict more than one thousand biological and toxicological activities from only the structural formulas of the chemicals, was used to predict the biological activity profile of 7 secondary metabolites. PASS predictions were successfully compared to the available information on the pharmacological and toxicological activity of these compounds

The Effects of Insider Ownership Capital Structure of Main Board Listed Companies

In this paper, researcher tends to discuss the “internal control protects shareholders from agency problem”. The term of insider ownership refer to the shareholders who manage the company as well. In other words, the managers are also the owner of the company. Hence, the conflict of interest between the shareholders and managers will reduce as the higher on concentration insider ownership. In this study, insider  ownership expressed as the percentage of the firm’s outstanding share held by the insider. Insider ownership can be classified into outstanding share held by directors, director’s family members (e.g., spouse and siblings), board members and employees’ share option scheme committees. Family or insider groups as a significant shareholder is more likely to be interested in control benefit as well as profit and decision making (Teall, 2007). Small firms usually are higher in insider ownership than outsider control. When a firm expands the business through public listing, the ownership will distribute ownership opportunity to the public. In Malaysia, when go to public listing, the 30% shares must hold by bumiputra. If there are non-bumiputra companies, the companies will gather 30% shares from outsiders who are bumiputra to meet the listing requirement