Core Binding Factor Leukemia : Chromatin Remodeling Moves Towards Oncogenic Transcription

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common acute leukemia in adults, is a heterogeneous malignant clonal disorder arising from multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells characterized by genetic and concerted epigenetic aberrations. Core binding factor-Leukemia (CBFL) is characterized by the recurrent reciprocal translocations t(8;21)(q22;q22) or inv(16)(p13;q22) that, expressing the distinctive RUNX1-RUNX1T1 (also known as Acute myeloid leukemia1-eight twenty-one, AML1-ETO or RUNX1/ETO) or CBFB-MYH11 (also known as CBF\u3b2-SMMHC) translocation product respectively, disrupt the essential hematopoietic function of the CBF. In the past decade, remarkable progress has been achieved in understanding the structure, three-dimensional (3D) chromosomal topology, and disease-inducing genetic and epigenetic abnormalities of the fusion proteins that arise from disruption of the CBF subunit alpha and beta genes. Although CBFLs have a relatively good prognosis compared to other leukemia subtypes, 40-50% of patients still relapse, requiring intensive chemotherapy and allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT). To provide a rationale for the CBFL-associated altered hematopoietic development, in this review, we summarize the current understanding on the various molecular mechanisms, including dysregulation of Wnt/\u3b2-catenin signaling as an early event that triggers the translocations, playing a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of CBFL. Translation of these findings into the clinical setting is just beginning by improvement in risk stratification, MRD assessment, and development of targeted therapies

KITLG (KIT ligand)

Review on KITLG (KIT ligand), with data on DNA, on the protein encoded, and where the gene is implicated

PTPN13 (Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 13)

Review on PTPN13 (Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 13), with data on DNA, on the protein encoded, and where the gene is implicated

Integral method coefficients for the ring-core technique to evaluate non-uniform residual stresses

The ring-core technique allows for the determination of non-uniform residual stresses from the surface up to relatively higher depths as compared to the hole-drilling technique. The integral method, which is usually applied to hole-drilling, can also be used for elaborating the results of the ring-core test since these two experimental techniques share the axisymmetric geometry and the 0°–45°–90° layout of the strain gage rosette. The aim of this article is to provide accurate coefficients which can be used for evaluating the residual stress distribution by the ring-core integral method. The coefficients have been obtained by elaborating the results of a very refined plane harmonic axisymmetric finite element model and verified with an independent three-dimensional model. The coefficients for small depth steps were initially provided, and then the values for multiple integer step depths were also derived by manipulating the high-resolution coefficient matrices, thus showing how the present results can be practically used for obtaining the residual stresses according to different depth sequences, even non-uniform. This analysis also allowed the evaluation of the eccentricity effect which turned out to be negligible due to the symmetry of the problem. An applicative example was reported in which the input of the experimentally measured relaxed strains was elaborated with different depth resolutions, and the obtained residual stress distributions were compared

KITLG (KIT ligand)

Review on KITLG (KIT ligand), with data on DNA, on the protein encoded, and where the gene is implicated

Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs)

Review on Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), with data on clinics, and the genes involved

KIT (v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)

Review on KIT (v-kit Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog), with data on DNA, on the protein encoded, and where the gene is implicated

Piebaldism

Review on Piebaldism, with data on clinics, and the genes involved

Bacterial Faecal Flora in Healthy Women of Different Ages

The composition of the intestinal flora is the result of host physiology, microbial interaction and environmental influences. The possible relationship between faecal flora composition and hormonal modifications in healthy women of different ages was studied. Forty-four normal women were divided into the following groups according to age: group I, 2747 yr; group II, 50-55 yr, 5 yr after menopause. The subjects received no pharmacological treatment. Samples were collected on the 8th and 23rd day of the cycle; two samples were obtained from each postmenopausal woman. Qualitative and quantitative determination of microorganisms was carried out using slightly modified standard methods. In fertile women (group I), the microflora composition was similar for samples collected on the 8th-10th day and during the premenstrual period (23rd day). In postmenopausal women (group III), an increase in fungi, clostridia and aerobic lactobacilli mean concentrations were observed. Escherichia coli mean levels increased and Enterobacteriaceae such as Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter freundii were present in 80 per cent of subjects studied. The length of menopause was found to have only a slight influence on flora: the behaviour of the microflora composition in menopausal women in group II may be considered intermediate between groups I and III. This preliminary study demonstrates that there are fluctuations in the composition of the faecal flora in healthy women. The differences observed between premenopausal and postmenopausal women may be a consequence of modifications of the steroid sex hormone pattern.Keywords - Intestinal flora; Age; Premenopausal women; Postmenopausal women; Menopause