A comprehensive classification of galaxies in the SDSS: How to tell true from fake AGN?

We use the W_Ha versus [NII]/Ha (WHAN) diagram to provide a comprehensive emission-line classification of SDSS galaxies. This classification is able to cope with the large population of weak line galaxies that do not appear in traditional diagrams due to a lack of some of the diagnostic lines. A further advantage of the WHAN diagram is to allow the differentiation between two very distinct classes that overlap in the LINER region of traditional diagnostic diagrams. These are galaxies hosting a weakly active nucleus (wAGN) and "retired galaxies" (RGs), i.e. galaxies that have stopped forming stars and are ionized by their hot evolved low-mass stars. A useful criterion to distinguish true from fake AGN (i.e. the RGs) is the ratio (\xi) of the extinction-corrected L_Ha with respect to the Ha luminosity expected from photoionization by stellar populations older than 100 Myr. This ratio follows a markedly bimodal distribution, with a \xi >> 1 population composed by systems undergoing star-formation and/or nuclear activity, and a peak at \xi ~ 1 corresponding to the prediction of the RG model. We base our classification scheme on the equivalent width of Ha, an excellent observational proxy for \xi. Based on the bimodal distribution of W_Ha, we set the division between wAGN and RGs at W_Ha = 3 A. Five classes of galaxies are identified within the WHAN diagram: (a) Pure star forming galaxies: log [NII]/Ha 3 A. (b) Strong AGN (i.e., Seyferts): log [NII]/Ha > -0.4 and W_Ha > 6 A. (c) Weak AGN: log [NII]/Ha > -0.4 and W_Ha between 3 and 6 A. (d) RGs: W_Ha < 3 A. (e) Passive galaxies (actually, line-less galaxies): W_Ha and W_[NII] < 0.5 A. A comparative analysis of star formation histories and of other properties in these different classes of galaxies corroborates our proposed differentiation between RGs and weak AGN in the LINER-like family. (Abridged)Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA

Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk Kandang Sapi Danzpthantu terhadap Pertumbuhan Stek Batang Tanaman Buah Naga Daging Super Merah (Hylocereus Costaricencis)

Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk : (1) mengetahui pengaruh pemberian pupuk kandang sapi dan ZPT Hantu serta interaksinya terhadap pertumbuhan stek batang tanaman buah naga daging super merah.Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kampung Empas Kecamatan Melak Kabupaten Kutai Barat, provinsi Kalimantan Timur selama 3 bulan dari bulan Maret sampai dengan Mei 2014.Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan percobaan faktorial 4 x 4 yang diulang sebanyak 6 kali. Faktor pertama adalah dosis pupuk kandang sapi (P) terdiri atas empat taraf yaitu : tanpa pupuk kandang sapi (p0), 15 g polibag-1 (p1), 25 g polibag-1 (p2), dan 35 g polibag-1 (p3). Faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi ZPT Hantu (H) terdiri atas empat taraf yaitu :tanpa ZPT Hantu (h0), 1 ml 1-1 air (h1), 2 ml 1-1 air (h2), dan 3 ml 1-1 air ( h3).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : (1) pengaruh pemberian pupuk kandang sapi berbeda sangat nyata terhadap muncul tunas, panjang tunas pada umur 25, 50 dan 75 hari setelah tanam, lingkar tunas pada umur 25, 50 dan 75 hari setelah tanam, berat akar pada umur 75 hari setelah tanam dan panjang akar pada umur 75 hari setelah tanam. Pemberian pupuk kandang sapi dengan dosis 35 g polibag-1 (p3) menghasilkan pertumbuhan stek batang tanaman buah naga daging super merah yang paling baik. (2) Pengaruh pemberian ZPT Hantu berbeda sangat nyata terhadap muncul tunas, panjang tunas pada umur 25, 50 dan 75 hari setelah tanam, lingkar tunas pada umur 25, 50 dan 75 hari setelah tanam, berat akar pada umur 75 hari setelah tanam dan panjang akar pada umur 75 hari setelah tanam. Pemberian ZPT Hantu dengan konsentrasi 3 ml 1-1 air (h3) menghasilkan pertumbuhan stek batang tanaman buah naga daging super merah yang paling baik.dan (3) Pengaruh interaksi antara pupuk kandang sapi dan ZPT Hantu berbeda sangat nyata terhadap panjang tunas pada umur 50 hari setelah tanam. Pemberian pupuk kandang sapi dengan dosis 35 g polibag-1 dan ZPT Hantu dengan konsentrasi 3 ml 1-1 air (p3h3) menghasilkan panjang tunas stek batang tanaman buah naga daging super merah yang paling baik. dan berbeda sangat nyata terhadap lingkar tunas pada umur 75 hari setelah tanam.Pemberian pupuk kandang sapi dosis 25 g polibag-1 dan ZPT Hantu dengan konsentrasi 3 ml 1-1 air (p2h3) menghasilkan lingkar tunas stek batang tanaman buah naga daging super merah yang paling baik. tetapi berbeda tidak nyata terhadap muncul tunas hari setelah tanam, panjang tunas pada umur 25 dan 75 hari setelah tanam, lingkar tunas pada umur 25 dan 50 hari setelah tanam, berat akar dan panjang akar pada umur 75 hari setelah tanam

Semi-empirical analysis of Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies III. How to distinguish AGN hosts

We consider the techniques to distinguish normal star forming (NSF) galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN) hosts using optical spectra. The observational data base is a set of 20000 galaxies extracted from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, for which we have determined the emission line intensities after subtracting the stellar continuum obtained from spectral synthesis. Our analysis is based on photoionization models computed using the stellar ionizing radiation predicted by Starburst 99 and, for the AGNs, a broken power-law spectrum. We explain why, among the four classical emission line diagnostic diagrams, the [OIII]/Hb vs [NII]/Ha one works best. We show however, that none of these diagrams is efficient in detecting AGNs in metal poor galaxies, should such cases exist. We propose a new divisory line between ``pure'' NSF galaxies and AGN hosts. We also show that a classification into NSF and AGN galaxies using only [NII]/Ha is feasible and useful. Finally, we propose a new classification diagram, the DEW diagram, plotting D_n(4000) vs max(EW[OII],EW[NeIII]). This diagram can be used with optical spectra for galaxies with redshifts up to z = 1.3, meaning an important progress over classifications proposed up to now. Since the DEW diagram requires only a small range in wavelength, it can also be used at even larger redshifts in suitable atmospheric windows. It also has the advantage of not requiring stellar synthesis analysis to subtract the stars and of allowing one to see ALL the galaxies in the same diagram, including passive galaxies.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS (replaced on august 3, 2006, eqs 6 and 7 corrected

The many faces of LINER-like galaxies: a WISE view

We use the SDSS and WISE surveys to investigate the real nature of galaxies defined as LINERs in the BPT diagram. After establishing a mid-infrared colour W2-W3 = 2.5 as the optimal separator between galaxies with and without star formation, we investigate the loci of different galaxy classes in the W_{Ha} versus W2-W3 space. We find that: (1) A large fraction of LINER-like galaxies are emission-line retired galaxies, i.e galaxies which have stopped forming stars and are powered by hot low-mass evolved stars (HOLMES). Their W2-W3 colours show no sign of star formation and their Ha equivalent widths, W_{Ha}, are consistent with ionization by their old stellar populations. (2) Another important fraction have W2-W3 indicative of star formation. This includes objects located in the supposedly `pure AGN' zone of the BPT diagram. (3) A smaller fraction of LINER-like galaxies have no trace of star formation from W2-W3 and a high W_{Ha}, pointing to the presence of an AGN. (4) Finally, a few LINERs tagged as retired by their W_{Ha} but with W2-W3 values indicative of star formation are late-type galaxies whose SDSS spectra cover only the old `retired' bulge. This reinforces the view that LINER-like galaxies are a mixed bag of objects involving different physical phenomena and observational effects thrusted into the same locus of the BPT diagram.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 9 pages, 6 figure

Unusual presence of Wormian (sutural) bones in human skulls

Wormian bones are a subset of the small intrasutural bones that lie between the cranial sutures formed by the bones of the skull vault. They are formed due to additional ossification centres in or near sutures. They are usually considered as normal variants and seem to be determined genetically in certain populations. They have been linked with rapid cranial expansion as they appear in great number in hydrocephalic skulls. They are commonly found in the lambdoid suture and fontanelles but are occasionally seen in other sutures especially the coronal, squamosal, and sagittal sutures. We examined 25 dried human skulls with the aim to find out the occurrence and variations of Wormian bones, and surprisingly we found Wormian bones in the coronal, squamosal, and sagittal sutures in 6 skulls. These are uncommon sites of occurrence of sutural bones as reported in the literature. These findings prompted us to report these cases as their presence can lead to confusion in diagnosis in cases of skull fractures. (Folia Morphol 2011; 70, 4: 291&#8211;294

The sciatic nerve in human cadavers — high division or low formation?

Variations of the sciatic nerve have been extensively studied in the past including its relationship with the piriformis muscle and associated clinical conditions like piriformis syndrome and sciatica. In the present study we noticed some interesting variations of the sciatic nerve, which were slightly different from the cases described earlier. In the previous studies most of the authors described the higher division of sciatic nerve and none of them discussed its formation. In this study we tried to look its formation from the sacral plexus and its divisions in the thigh. We noticed that in one cadaver the two components of the sciatic nerve originated directly from the sacral plexus and coursed down without merging in the thigh. Should this be called a higher division or non formation of the sciatic nerve? On the other hand in two other cadavers, the two divisions after emerging separately from the sacral plexus, united in the gluteal region and in the thigh respectively. Should we call this as higher division or low formation of the sciatic nerve? In two other cadavers the sciatic nerve emerged from the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis and divided in the gluteal region itself. Ideally this should be called as higher division of sciatic nerve

The System of Spiritual Education of Tarekat Sammaniyah at Learning Assembly of Ihya Ulumuddin Medan

This study aimed to discover 1) the goal of spiritual education of Tarekat Sammaniyah at Learning Assembly of Ihya Ulumuddin Medan, 2) the contents of spiritual education of Tarekat Sammaniyah at Learning Assembly of Ihya Ulumuddin Medan, 3) The Method of spiritual education of Taretkat Sammaniyah at Learning Assembly of Ihya Ulumuddin Medan, 4) The teachers/ Fasilitators of spiritual education of Tarekat Sammaniyah at Learning Assembly of Ihya Ulumuddin Medan, 5) The Students of spiritual education of Tarekat Sammaniyah at Learning Assembly of Ihya Ulumuddin Medan, 6) Facilities and infrastuctures of Tarekat Sammaniyah at Learning Assembly of Ihya Ulumuddin Medan. This study used the qualitative research approach. The data was taken through intervew, observation and also takng documentation. The informan of this study was the principle concurently teacher (Called by Mursyid), Assistant of teacher (called by Khalifah), Students (Called by Salik) of Tarekat Sammaniyah at Learning Assembly of Ihya Ulumuddin Medan. The data analysis was done by data reduction, presentation of the data and data verification. The results of this study were; 1) The aim of spiritual education was to know Allah, to remember, and also to look Allah by purification of the soul (Tazkiyatun Nafsi) and draw closer to the God (Allah) by cleansing the heart (Taqorrub Ilallah), 2) The contents of spiritual education were about Islam, faith, goodness, Syari'at, Hakikat, Ma'rifat and also Zikir (Remember of the God), 3) The method were bai'at, lecturing, remembering (rabithah, kafi'at, tawajjuh, khalwat /suluk), 4) The Mursyid was one who led and taught and also developed the Tarekat , he has an unbroken lineage up to Prophet, Jibril and Allah SWT. The level were; Syekh/Buya/Father, Vice Mursyid (Khalifah), Firstly, the Old Khalifah, Secondly, The young Khalifah. The qualities that must be possessed by the Mursyid / vice Mursyid were namely: pious, wise, be patient and merciful nature, able to keep secrets, trust, discipline, guarding the lust of the worldly desire, sincere heart, should not be disappointed seeing the students who have not succeeded yet, Maintaining self-esteem, prestige, may provide certain clues in certain circumstances, 5) The Students were people who have been sworn, and before being sworn, they should bathe taubat, pray taubat, and also pray hajat to study knowledge to Mursyid. The level of students/ Salik were mubtadi, mutawashithah, muntahi, 6) The facilities and infrastructures were Mosque, The Guest room for whom it may stay overnight, sound system, Suluk place, ablution place, tasbih, curtain for seclusion (khalwat)

An interconnected duplicated femoral vein and its clinical significance

Anatomical variations in the femoral vein are of great clinical importance especially in cases of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Knowledge of the variable anatomy of the femoral vein is important to minimise false-negative findings on ultrasound examination in patients with DVT and help to explain the ‘silent’ DVT.Furthermore, the presence of a duplicated femoral vein itself is associated with higher incidence of DVT. These venous anomalies are usually due to the truncular venous malformation. In the present study, while dissecting the right lower limb, we found a case of variation of the femoral vein. In this case, besides a duplicated femoral vein, we also noticed a 3rd interconnecting channel near the apex of the femoral triangle joining the two veins. This variation has not been reported previously by other authors. Considering its uniqueness and clinical importance,we decided to report this case

A prospective study of myoconjunctival enucleation for enhanced implant motility

Background: After enucleation rehabilitation and cosmesis remain the nemesis of an enophthalmic socket, the cosmetic goal is to replace the lost volume of the socket and to restore natural appearance and movement with an artificial eye. The aim of this is to determine implant motility after myoconjunctival enucleation technique.Methods: The study was conducted in 35 patients who underwent myoconjuctival enucleation at M and J Western Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad from the period November 2019 to December 2021. Simple random sampling method was used and subjects were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All patients were evaluated on 1st post-operative day, 1st week, 4th week and 12th week of surgery. Post-operative results were compared on the follow-ups in terms of motility index.Results: Average motility index (sum of medial movement, lateral movement, upward movement and downward movement divided by 4) of the 35 patients measured after first week of surgery was 3.2 mm, which was 3.21 mm in 4th week and at 12th week it was 3.23 mm.Conclusions: In contrast to conventional enucleation technique, in myoconjunctival enucleation technique each rectus is sutured to the respective fornix thus preventing stretching, increasing implant stability and motility. Thus it is considered procedure of choice in primary enucleation