Raisins in human health : a review

In the last years, the scientific research in the field of non-alcoholic grape products has increased significantly. Raisins are often evaluated negatively from the nutritional point of view, mainly for their high sugar content. On the other hand, some in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that raisins could have healthy effects due to their positive phytochemical profile. The aim of this work was the collection of scientific studies performed in humans to assess critically the health-promoting effects of raisins, as a part of the normal/Mediterranean diet. In most cases, the beneficial effects of raisins have been assessed in intervention studies focused on cardiovascular area, diabetes and oral health, where a decrease in postprandial glycemia and insulinemia both in diabetic and healthy subjects has been observed. The positive effects were generally evident after a short-term consumption of about 70 g/die of raisins in comparison to a similar quantity of snacks or glucose solution. Surprisingly, some positive findings were shown in oral health. On these bases several findings support the suitability of raisins as a source of healthy compounds for human diet, but limits in the data published till now clearly support the need of new specifically designed trials

Organic fig production in Turkey

1st International Symposium on Fig -- JUN 24-28, 1997 -- IZMIR, TURKEYWOS: 000079157300039Organic crop production has begun to play an important role because of vital danger caused by environmental pollution through synthetic chemicals. Organic fig growing in Turkey has a great part among other organic crops with the production of 2615 MT; acreage of 4053 ha and 730 contractual farmers in 1996. In general, there are no important differences between organic and conventional fig growing on the basis of cultural practices. Different practices occur in pest management programs at orchard and storage phases. Organic and conventional fig production display important differences from the storage, packaging, labeling and fumigation point of view.Int Soc Hort Sc

Relationship Between Hot Water Treatment (HWT) and Vitality Criteria on Dormant Cuttings of Vitis Vinifera Cultivars and Rootstocks

ISCI, Burcak/0000-0002-6542-0271WOS: 000492414300009The experiment was conducted during 2016-2017 on Vitis vinifera cultivars (cv.) 'Superior Seedless', 'Razaki', 'Crimson Seedless', 'Sultana', 'Royal', and American rootstocks (41B, 1103P, 1616C, Ramsey, 5BB) at Department of Horticulture, Agriculture Faculty, Ege University, Turkey. This study was designed to investigate the effects of HWT on the quality of hard wood cuttings following the treatment. the hard wood cuttings that were hot water treated at 50 degrees C for 30 min which is the most common protocol against Agrobacterium vitis used worldwide. After HWT, cuttings (ungrafted) were planted in black polythene bags for rooting in greenhouse conditions. in this experiment, the effects of HWT on cuttings and root distribution (0-4 scala), root number, root length (cm), shoot length (cm), sprouting rate (%), rooting rate (%), fresh and dry root weight (g) were investigated. HWT was found to have variable effects on different characteristics of cultivar and rootstock cuttings. 41B saplings were negative affected from HWT for root distribution (0-4 scala), root number, shoot length (cm), sprouting rate (%), fresh and dry root weight (g). the HWT for 41B rootstock cuttings should be done carefully. 'Superior Seedless', 'Razaki' and 'Royal' were affected positively by HWT compared to non-HWT group cuttings for some criterians

EFFECTS OF IBA AND PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR) ON ROOTING OF RAMSEY AMERICAN GRAPEVINE ROOTSTOCK

WOS: 000462830400213This experiment was conducted to reveal the effects of PGPR and IBA on rooting characteristics of Ramsey "Salt Creek" (Vitis champini) under the nursery. Hard wood cuttings of Ramsey were subjected to PGPR (EMA1, EMA6, EMA24, EMA MEDIA, EMA CALLUS, EMA QUICK DIP) with dipping times of 1h, 6h, 24 h. IBA concentration was 25, 2000, 4000 ppm with dipping time of 24 h in the case of long-soak method, and of 4 seconds in quick dip method. Data were recorded on specific rooting and shooting characteristic. Results obtained from treatments showed significant differences at p <= 0.01 for specific rooting characteristic, like rooting rate (%), rooting degree (0-4), root length (cm), root fresh and dry weight (g) under the interaction between PGPR and IBA concentration and dipping time. The rooting rate of EMA1 was 56.7%, and was better than in IBA treatments. Rooting degree (0-4) was 3.5 with EMA1 and 3.3 with EMA MEDIA. The highest root lenght (cm) were obtained in IBA25 (37.6) EMA MEDIA (37.2) and EMA1 (34.1). The best result on fresh root weight (g) was determined with EMA1 (9.8) and EMA6 (9.5). As a conclusion, inspected rooting characteristics generally increased with the EMA1 and EMA6 treatments

Grapevine breeding studies in Turkey

Turkey has a very old history concerning viticulture, and grapes are grown for different purposes in almost every region of the country. Turkey is among the world's leading grape producing countries in terms of area and production amount. It has 405,439 ha of vineyard area and production is approximately 4.1 million t. In Turkey, grapes have been mainly grown as table grapes (52%), raisins (38%), juice and wine (10%) in nine viticultural regions. Grapevine breeding programs continue in different institutions in order to develop high quality new grape cultivars in Turkey as well as all over the world. These breeding studies continue mainly in different Research Institutes working under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In particular, Yalova Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute (YAHCRI), Tekirdağ Viticulture Research Institute (TVRI) and Manisa Viticulture Research Institute (MVRI) have registered many grape cultivars as a result of the breeding studies they have been carrying out for many years. In addition, a small number of breeding studies are carried out in different Universities in Turkey (such as Ankara, Gaziosmanpaşa, Akdeniz University). In different breeding studies, it was aimed to develop new grape cultivars, especially high quality and resistant to different biotic/abiotic stress conditions. In this study, information about new grape cultivars developed in breeding studies carried out in the past and still ongoing breeding studies are given. © 2023 International Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved

Effect of yearly conditions and management practices on ochratoxin A production in Sultana Seedless vineyards

WOS: 000304821400015PubMed ID: 22545668Sun drying of seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. Sultanina) is widely practised in the western Aegean Region providing Turkey with a significant share in the world trade of sultanas. Research was initiated in 1998 to determine the incidence of ochratoxin A (OTA), to identify the major factors resulting in contamination and to develop techniques to reduce or prevent contamination. This paper assesses OTA formation in five experimental vineyards located in Manisa province of Turkey between 1998 and 2003. The cultural practices recorded were tillage (type and timing), fertilisation, plant protection, irrigation, trellising, pruning, GA(3) application, harvest maturity and date, and drying practices (type of drying yard, dipping into alkaline solution, length of drying period). In the experimental vineyards, no OTA was found at veraison. OTA levels in grapes harvested at fresh maturity ranged between <LOD and 8 ng g(-1), whereas in dried sultanas they were between <LOD and 35 ng g(-1). The frequency of OTA-positive samples increased in dried grapes compared with fresh. The number and timing of tillage, number of damaged berries, and removal of damaged/infected berries prior to sun drying were identified as the major good practices that may contribute to the reduction of OTA in sultanas.Turkish State Planning Organization [1999 DPT/001]; Aegean Exporters AssociationEge University; EBILTEM of Ege UniversityEge UniversityThe project (1999 DPT/001) was supported by the Turkish State Planning Organization and partially by the Aegean Exporters Association and EBILTEM of Ege University

Project to phase-out methyl bromide in the dried fig sector in Turkey

26th International Horticultural Congress -- AUG 11-17, 2002 -- TORONTO, CANADAWOS: 000189407100007Turkey is one of the major dried fruit and nut producing countries. Methyl bromide (MeBr) is the common fumigant to control storage pests that infest during drying and storage. Compared with other dried fruits and nuts, storage pest infestation threatens dried fig production the most. MBr is regarded as a major anthropogenic compound that depletes the ozone layer. Furthermore, MeBr is a toxic gas and can pose risk to human health if over-exposure or accidents occur. The Montreal Protocol and the phase-out of methyl bromide have increased the urgency to search for new technologies. This project will lead to the phase-out of MBr as a stored product treatment in the Turkish dried fig sector by evaluating the economic and technical feasibility of two alternative technologies: 1) CO2 at elevated temperatures and/or CO2 in combination with pressure, and 2) magnesium phosphide in combination with heat in gas tight chambers. In addition, the project will include activities for ensuring a proper technology transfer, through a training programme and dissemination of information directed at actual MeBr users in the Turkish dried fig industry. Until today, field surveys are carried out to evaluate the importance of target species. Dried fig fruits are treated with magnesium phosphide and CO2 at various concentrations and at different temperatures. Quality parameters such as total soluble solids (%), titratable acidity (%), pH, dry matter (%), water activity (WA), colour (L, a and b values by Minolta chromometer) and sugaring (%) are assessed in treated and non-treated samples.Canadian Soc Hort Sci, Int Soc Hort Sci, Univ Guelp

Ochratoxin A in sultanas from Turkey I: Survey of unprocessed sultanas from vineyards and packing-houses

WOS: 000233851900010PubMed ID: 16332638A method for the determination of ochratoxin A ( OTA) in sultanas from Turkey using extraction with a sodium bicarbonate solution ( 2% NaHCO3) followed by immunoaffinity clean-up and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was used to assess the frequency of occurrence and level of OTA. In-house validation was carried out with spiked samples at levels of 0.15, 1.5, 5.0 and 10 mu g kg(-1) and average recoveries were 91, 93, 87 and 89%, respectively. The limits of detection and limit of quantification in Turkish sultanas were 0.026 and 0.09 mu g kg(-1), respectively. A survey for the presence of OTA was carried out on 264 unprocessed sultana samples during the production seasons between 1998 and 2000 collected annually from vineyards and from packing-houses. The analyses of unprocessed sultanas showed that 32.2% of the total number of samples contained no detectable OTA, whereas 9.8% of sultana samples had OTA concentrations above 10 mu g kg(-1), and the remaining 58% had levels within the range 0.026-10 mu g kg(-1). There were big differences in median concentrations between years. Considering the year of production, it appears that sultanas produced in 1998 and 2000 showed the lowest incidence of OTA contamination ( median < 0.02 mu g kg(-1)), whereas 2002 showed the highest incidence ( median 4.3 mu g kg(-1)1). The overall mean OTA concentration was calculated as 3.4 mu g kg(-1), and the overall median as 0.9 mu g kg(-1). Among the samples analysed, the highest detected level of OTA was 54 mu g kg(-1)