303 research outputs found
Sub-inhibitory Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides
Antimicrobials, and particularly antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), have been thoroughly studied due to their therapeutic potential. The research on their exact mode of action on bacterial cells, especially at under sublethal concentrations, has resulted in a better understanding of the unpredictable nature of bacterial behavior under stress conditions. In this review, we were aiming to gather the wide yet still under-investigated knowledge about various AMPs and their subinhibition effects on cellular and molecular levels. We describe how AMP action is non-linear and unpredictable, also showing that exposure to AMP can lead to antimicrobial resistance via triggering various regulatory systems. Being one of the most known types of antimicrobials, bacteriocins have dual action and can also be utilized by microorganisms as signaling molecules at naturally achievable sub-inhibitory concentrations. The unpredictable nature of AMP action and the pathogenic response triggered by them remains an area of knowledge that requires further investigation
Гавриил Бужинский и “общество”: из истории одной интеллектуальной новации петровской эпохи
The term “citizenship” was used as an equivalent of the Latin “res publica” or “civitas” in Russian political culture in the second half of the 17th century. One of the remarkable intellectual innovations of the Petrine era was the regular use of the concept of “commonwealth” as an equivalent for the Latin “res publica”. An alumni from the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, Gavriil Buzhinskiy, a famous preacher and translator of the first quarter of the 18th century, played a major role in making this practice widespread. There is no reason to associate Gavriil Buzhinskiy’s “commonwealth”, as well as the political ideas of the preacher in general, exclusively with the Early modern political theory of Europe. In Buzhinskiy’s sermons, “commonwealth” was interpreted mainly from the standpoint of Orthodox political theology. Buzhinskiy’s ideas are closer to the Augustinian version of “res publica” than to natural law foundations, in particular, of S. Pufendorf. The appeal to the latter is more superficial and stems from Gavriil’s translation of his works, rather than from logical acceptance of his ideas. In his sermons, Gavriil Buzhinskiy successfully embed “commonwealth” into “monarchical rule”. The term “commonwealth” became one of the options for representing a political community, along with which other integrative concepts, such as “Russia” and “fatherland”, were used in the political discourse of the Petrine era. In comparison with them, “commonwealth” assumed rather an intellectual comprehension of reality and required erudition to grasp this type of political ideas. “Commonwealth” could become part of a whole ideological program, in which it was intrinsically linked with the concepts of “service”, “duty” and, especially, “common good”. DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2021.11.1.14Во второй половине XVII в. в русской политической культуре в качестве эквивалента латинских «res publica» или «civitas» использовалось понятие «гражданство». Одной из примечательных интеллектуальных новаций петровской эпохи стало регулярное использование в качестве эквивалента для латинского «res publica» понятия «общества». Существенную роль в распространении этой практики сыграли выходцы из Киево-Могилянской академии, в первую очередь Гавриил Бужинский, известный проповедник и переводчик первой четверти XVIII в. Нет причин связывать «общество» Гавриила Бужинского, равно как и в целом политические представления проповедника, исключительно с европейской политической теорией раннего Нового времени. В проповедях Гавриила «общество» интерпретировалось скорее с позиции православного политического богословия. Идеи Гавриила ближе к августинианской версии «res publica», нежели к естественно-правовым основаниям, в частности, С. Пуфендорфу. Обращение к последнему в большей степени поверхностно и проистекало из работы Гавриила над переводами его сочинений, нежели из последовательного принятия его идей. В своих проповедях Гавриил Бужинский успешно встроил «общество» в «монаршическое правление». «Общество» стало одним из вариантов представления политической общности, наряду с которым в политическом дискурсе петровской эпохи использовались другие интегративные понятия, такие как «Россия» и «отечество». В сравнении с ними «общество» предполагало скорее интеллектуальное постижение реальности и требовало эрудиции для освоения этого типа политических идей. «Общество» могло становиться частью целой идеологической программы, в которой оно генетически связывалось с понятиями «служба», «должность» и, особенно, «общее добро». DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2021.11.1.1
Вредоносность нематоды Longidorus leptocephalus на ягодных культурах в условиях вегетационного опыта
Evaluation of the pathogenicity of the nematode Longidorus leptocephalusmeasured by the variation in its numbers on strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) and blackberry (Rubus caesius) plants in vegetative environments was carried out. As a result we demonstrated that strawberry plants developed symptoms of backwardness in their growth relative to controls with an average number of 80 individual nematodes per 100 g of soil and50% plant death for strawberries was recorded at a level of 600 nematodes per 100 g of plant rhizosphere. On blackberry plants a significant effect of growth-inhibition was found at a level of 500 individuals per 100 g of soil, but plant death was not registered.Проведена оценка вредоносности нематоды Longidorus leptocephalus при ее различной численности на растениях земляники садовой (Fragaria ananаssa) и ежевики сизой (Rubus caesius) в условиях вегетационного опыта. Растения земляники проявляли признаки оставания в росте относительно контрольных вариантов при средней численности L. leptocephalus 80 экз./100 г почвы, в то время как гибель 50% растений наблюдалась при 600 экз./100 г почвы. На растениях ежевики значительный эффект угнетения роста наблюдался при средней численности нематод в ризосфере 500 экз./100 г почвы, при этом гибели растений отмечено не было. Проведена оценка вредоносности нематоды Longidorus leptocephalus при ее различной численности на растениях земляники садовой (Fragaria ananаssa) и ежевики сизой (Rubus caesius) в условиях вегетационного опыта. Растения земляники проявляли признаки оставания в росте относительно контрольных вариантов при средней численности L. leptocephalus 80 экз./100 г почвы, в то время как гибель 50% растений наблюдалась при 600 экз./100 г почвы. На растениях ежевики значительный эффект угнетения роста наблюдался при средней численности нематод в ризосфере 500 экз./100 г почвы, при этом гибели растений отмечено не было.
Antibacterial and quorum sensing regulatory activities of some traditional Eastern-European medicinal plants
The objective of this study was to screen extracts of twenty Eastern European medicinal plants, using wild-type and reporter Chromobacterium violaceum bioassays, for novel components that target bacterial cells and their quorum sensing (QS) communication systems. Three types of activity and their combinations were revealed: (i) direct antimicrobial growth-inhibitory activity, (ii) non-specific and specific pro-QS activities, (iii) anti-QS activity. Among seven plant extracts showing direct growth-inhibitory activity, the strongest effect was shown by Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (bearberry) leaves. Many plants stimulated violacein production by wild-type C. violaceum ATCC 31532 in a non-specific manner, and only the herb Bidens tripartita (three-lobe beggarticks) contained compounds that mimic acyl-homoserine lactone and operated as a QS agonist. Anti-QS activity was found in eleven plants including Quercus robur (oak) cortex, Betula verrucosa (birch) buds and Eucalyptus viminalis (Manna Gum) leaves. Subsequent statistical analysis showed differences between antimicrobial and anti-QS activities, whereas both activities were defined by phylogenetic position of the medicinal resource plant. Finally, extract from Quercus robur cortex revealed at least two fractions, showing different anti-QS mechanisms. These data confirm that multi-component anti-infectious mechanisms are used by plants, which may be useful for drug development
Minimization of Fungicidal Applications Against Potato Late Blight in the North Caucasian Region: Use of the “Agrodozor” System
Late blight is considered to be the most devastating potato disease, which control requires application of fungicides able to significantly contaminate the environment and accumulate in agricultural products. Pesticide load on potato fields can be reduced via optimization of the scheme of protective treatments. Such optimization can be performed using a mathematical simulator describing the dependence of late blight-caused yield losses on the weather data and an “Agrodozor” decision support system (DSS). The performed analysis of a situation in the regions of the North Caucasus allowed us to determine three zones differing in the disease harmfulness and characterized by potential yield losses at the level of <10, 10-20, and >20 % and the probability of disease appearance in field during 30, 77, and 90 % of seasons, respectively. Using the “Agrodozor” DSS, we calculated the optimum dates of fungicidal treatments for these zones and showed that, comparing to the commonly used routine scheme of treatments, the use of this DSS provides a significant reduction of the number of such treatments and, therefore, the corresponding costs for their arrangement, as well as reduction of the total toxicity index of the required protective measures
Nanophotonic structure formation by dry e-beam etching of the resist: resolution limitation origins
A wide range of structures for nanophotonics and optoelectronics can be formed by dry e-beam etching of the resist (DEBER). High resist sensitivity due to chain depolymerization reaction provides efficient etching with high throughput of the method. The structures obtained by the DEBER in this research are well-rounded diffraction gratings, binary gratings and staircase profiles. The major disadvantage of DEBER is poor lateral resolution, which may be caused by different physical mechanisms. Four groups of possible mechanisms leading to the resolution limitation are determined and the influence of some mechanisms is estimated.This study was partially supported by the President of the Russian Federation's grant No. MK-3327.2017.9
ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ УРОВНЯ МИКРОВОЛНОВОЙ МОЩНОСТИ, ПЕРЕДАННОЙ В РЕАКТОР, ПО ФОРМЕ АНОДНОГО ТОКА МАГНЕТРОНА
An important task in designing microwave industrial plants is to determine actual power going into a process reactor. A part of magnetron power reflects from the microwave reactor into generator due to the processed material property changes. It results from dielectric property changes, due to changes of temperature, humidity, variation of boundary conditions in the reactor when moving the product. Moreover, the reflected wave significantly changes the magnetron regime of operation. The article shows that the power transferred to the processed product can be determined based on changes in the current pulse form when using a classic power supply (high-voltage transformer and a voltage doubling circuit) and power supply with invertor. Also it is possible to estimate the mutual influence magnetrons on each other in microwave installations with multi generator scheme. The difference in the operation of the classic power supply and inverted power supply leads to necessity for different power determining algorithms. Microwave power in the load determined experimentally coincides with the microwave power calculated by the developed method, which confirms the reasoning of the algorithm used.Важной задачей при создании микроволновых (СВЧ) промышленных установок является определение фактической мощности, идущей в технологический реактор. При воздействии микроволновой энергии на материал в реакторе часть мощности отражается в генератор из-за изменений свойств обрабатываемого материала, а именно: из-за изменения диэлектрических свойств при изменении температуры, из-за уменьшения массы и влажности в процессе сушки, из-за изменения граничных условий в реакторе при перемещении обрабатываемого материала. Кроме того, отраженная волна существенно влияет на режим работы магнетрона. Целью данной статьи является определение микроволновой мощности, идущей в нагрузку, по форме анодного тока в низкочастотной цепи питания магнетрона. В статье показано, что по изменениям формы тока для трансформаторного (построенного с использованием высоковольтного трансформатора и схемы удвоения напряжения) и инверторного блоков питания можно определять мощность, переданную обрабатываемому продукту. По изменению тока магнетрона можно оценивать и взаимное влияние магнетронов друг на друга в установках, использующих многогенераторную схему построения системы возбуждения реактора. Отличия в работе трансформаторного и инверторного блоков питания приводят к необходимости создания разных алгоритмов определения мощности. Представленные данные экспериментальных исследований по верификации предлагаемого алгоритма показали приемлемое соответствие мощности, рассчитанной и экспериментально измеренной при разных значениях КСВ нагрузки
Электромиография в диагностике радикулопатий
The paper considers techniques for the neurophysiological diagnosis of radiculopathies, such as needle electromyography, motor and sensor nerve, F-waves, and H-reflex studies. Data on the sensitivity of the used methods are presented. Recommendations for neurophysiologists are given with regard to the specific features of different methods and the interpretation of results.Рассматриваются методы нейрофизиологической диагностики радикулопатий – игольчатой электромиографии, исследования моторных и сенсорных нервов, F-волн и Н-рефлекса. Представлены данные по чувствительности используемых методов. Приведены рекомендации врачам-нейрофизиологам с учетом особенностей различных методов и интерпретации результатов
Resolution limits of the dry e-beam etching of resist for nanophotonic structure formation
Micro- and nanostructures formation of special well-rounded shape using an e-beam lithography is a huge task. Usually stair-like profile is used instead that complicates the process immensely. The problem can be solved using the dry method of relief formation in some positive resists during electron-beam exposure in vacuum (DEBER method). DEBER method can be used for formation of wide range of structures for nanophotonics and optoelectronics. The structures obtained by the method are presented. Resolution limits of the method are analyzed and the approaches to resolution enhancement are discussed.The reported study was partially supported by RFBR, research project No. 17-07-01582a. Also this work is supported in part by the grant of the President of Russian Federation No. MK-3327.2017.9
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