Utilization of emergency policies and procedures by Division I-A and Division I-AA intercollegiate athletic programs

The need for an established emergency policy and procedures plan in the college and university setting has been confirmed by various organizations such as: National Safety Council (NSC), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), National Emergency Management Association (NEMA), National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA), National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). The duty of these emergency policies and procedures is twofold. The first is to provide immediate care to student-athletes in an emergency situation. The second purpose is to avoid liability issues that may arise following an emergency situation. The premise behind the establishment and implementation is to have a well established emergency policies and procedures manual to aid in the appropriate and most immediate care to the student-athlete in an emergency or lifethreatening situation. The objective of this study is to establish what Division I-A and IAA athletic training programs are implementing or have implemented to accommodate these recommendations and whether smaller universities have difficulty upholding the guidelines set forth by the NATA due to the decreased budgets

Humanity and National Security: The Law of Mass Atrocity Response Operations

Among the greatest threats to global security is the slaughter of civilians. This is due to the inconsistent reaction of the international community to genocide and other atrocity crimes. Whether it was the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of Armenians in Turkey in 1915 or Rwandan Tutsis in 1994, mass murderers act with impunity when there is not a forceful response. Contrast these situations to Vietnam’s intervention in Cambodia in 1978 that put an end to the Khmer Rouge’s nightmarish killing fields, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO) intervention in Kosovo in 1999 that protected ethnic Albanians from Serb brutality. Even though atrocities like these have been the hallmark of oppressive regimes throughout recorded history, they continue today in places like Syria partly as a result of the uncertain legality of the use of force to respond to these crimes. Strict interpretation of state sovereignty and the United Nation’s monopoly on authorizing force significantly limit effective response measures, allowing grotesque human rights violations to continue. In order to break the atrocity cycle, states must have the authority to use force to prevent and respond to atrocity crimes when the United Nations fails to act. A new strategy, led by the United States, is emerging in response to atrocity crimes. The doctrine of Mass Atrocity Response Operations (MARO) is developing as a result of several high-level reports and strategic publications highlighting the urgent need for more effective measures. Further support came on August 4, 2011, when President Barack Obama issued a presidential directive to create an interagency “Atrocities Prevention Board.” This interagency body is tasked with coordinating a government wide approach to preventing mass atrocities. Of the many possible actions that can be taken to prevent atrocity crimes, military action— noncombat or outright intervention—must be included as a key element to deter and suppress violence. Still, due to the uncertain legality of intervention to halt atrocities, the new U.S. strategy could have a short life span largely due to inflexible interpretations of the U.N. Charter’s prohibition on the use of force and traditional notions of state sovereignty. Until now, scholarship has failed to address the application of MARO when there is no U.N. authorization. This article proposes that the United States take the lead in developing a new norm allowing states to intervene to protect civilians from atrocity crimes when multilateral institutions fail to act

Influence of Mean Free Path on Gas Flow in Wood

It is shown theoretically that the existence of more than one structural component in the flow path through wood causes the gradient of a graph of superficial gas permeability against reciprocal mean pressure not to be directly proportional to the mean free path of the gas. This is unlike the behaviour of homogeneous media and agrees with previously published experimental data

Criminalizing Force: Resolving the Threshold Question for the Crime of Aggression in the Context of Modern Conflict

This article examines the draft definition of the crime of aggression and how this definition will be applied to certain uses of armed force, ultimately identifying whether these actions constitute “manifest violations” of the U.N. Charter. Part II establishes the analytical framework of criminal aggression. Initially, the threshold question is explained in detail, followed by an examination of the Charter’s prohibition of the unlawful use of force and the magnitude test required to determine manifest violations of the Charter. The threshold question is then applied to humanitarian intervention in Part III. In Part IV, certain measures against terrorism, preemptive self-defense, and attacks against non-State armed groups, are examined under the terms of the draft definition of aggression. Ultimately, whether cases of criminal aggression go forward at the ICC will be an issue of intent, as addressed in Part V. The article concludes in Part VI with a brief summary of issues that will hopefully be resolved by an operational definition of the crime of aggression. It would be unrealistic to attempt to enumerate every possible manifest violation of the U.N. Charter for the purposes of criminal aggression. Thus, this article establishes a preliminary framework for analyzing the threshold of aggression, both for prosecutors at the ICC and regime elites considering the use of force. The Assembly of States Parties’ adoption of the crime of aggression should give pause to decision makers before engaging in questionably lawful uses of force

A Solid State Pulsed Coagulating Diathermy Instrument

Solid state pulsed coagulating diathermy instrumen

Selective self-categorization: Meaningful categorization and the in-group persuasion effect

Research stemming from self-categorization theory (Turner et al., 1987) has demonstrated that individuals are typically more persuaded by messages from their in-group than by messages from the out-group. The present research investigated the role of issue relevance in moderating these effects. In particular, it was predicted that in-groups would only be more persuasive when the dimension on which group membership was defined was meaningful or relevant to the attitude issue. In two studies, participants were presented with persuasive arguments from either an in-group source or an out-group source, where the basis of the in-group/out-group distinction was either relevant or irrelevant to the attitude issue. Participants' attitudes toward the issue were then measured. The results supported the predictions: Participants were more persuaded by in-group sources than out-group sources when the basis for defining the group was relevant to the attitude issue. However, when the defining characteristic of the group was irrelevant to the attitude issue, participants were equally persuaded by in-group and out-group sources. These results support the hypothesis that the fit between group membership and domain is an important moderator of self-categorization effects