Establishment of people’s control in Soviet Russia: Social and political practice

The article examines the activities of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) authorities in the search for the optimal model of organization of control in the Soviet-type society in the early 1920s. The methods and techniques directly or indirectly related to the involvement of workers in the work of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate and the construction of the whole system of functioning of this control agency are analyzed on the material of archival sources. It is also shown how this practice was coordinated with the course of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Soviet government on the involvement of citizens in the management of the state in the conditions of growing inner-party contradictions

The risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection from the administration of different classes of antibiotics and their combinations to children in an oncological hospital

Patients in pediatric oncological hospitals are at risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in patients who are treated with antibiotics of different classes and their combinations by way of a retrospective analysis of 122 patient records. It was shown that the administration of antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs that belong to the classes of nitrofurans (enterofuryl), sulfonamides (biseptol), cephalosporins, and macrolides/azalides significantly increased the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. On the contrary, treatment with antibiotics of different classes, such as linezolid, colistin, and metronidazole, significantly reduced the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection. The use of penicillins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides, and carbapenems was not associated with the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. The administration of one or two antimicrobial drugs of different classes increased the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection while a combination of three different types of antimicrobial drugs lowered the rate of this infection in pediatric patients.Patients in pediatric oncological hospitals are at risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in patients who are treated with antibiotics of different classes and their combinations by way of a retrospective analysis of 122 patient records. It was shown that the administration of antibacterial chemotherapeutic drugs that belong to the classes of nitrofurans (enterofuryl), sulfonamides (biseptol), cephalosporins, and macrolides/azalides significantly increased the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. On the contrary, treatment with antibiotics of different classes, such as linezolid, colistin, and metronidazole, significantly reduced the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection. The use of penicillins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides, and carbapenems was not associated with the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. The administration of one or two antimicrobial drugs of different classes increased the risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection while a combination of three different types of antimicrobial drugs lowered the rate of this infection in pediatric patients

Синтез излучающей системы, формирующей секторную диаграмму направленности с минимизацией эффекта Гиббса

For the synthesis of radiating systems, which form the flat-topped radiation patterns there are some of the most convenient methods, including Fourier method, method of partial diagram and method of changing projections. These methods are handy for calculation, because they allow us to obtain the flat-topped radiation patterns with predetermined electrical characteristics. These are the following characteristics: side-lobe level, width of the main lobe of the radiation pattern, and amplitude of top ripple of the main lobe of the radiation pattern. Meeting the challenge of synthesizing flat-topped radiation pattern is complicated by the break points available in a predetermined radiation pattern, which prevent the convergence of the Fourier series. The points of discontinuity, in turn, lead to the emergence of extremes that are associated with the Gibb’s phenomenon. To eliminate them, are used different methods for approximating a given radiation pattern (a series of Kotelnikov polynomial and that of Chebyshev). Such approximation, in turn, imposes restrictions on the basic quality indicators the flat-topped radiation patterns, such as the steepness of fronts and top ripple of the main lobe of the radiation pattern. The proposed method provides the lowest side-lobe level with small amplitude of top ripple of the main lobe of the flat-topped radiation pattern. The paper offers a linear approximation option of the given radiation pattern, which allows a synthesized radiation pattern with a diversity of quality parameters. This is achieved by linear approximation coefficients that can be determined using optimization algorithms. Depending on the target function for the optimization algorithm it is possible to determine the best trade-off between making the steepness parameter of the fronts and the top ripple amplitude of the main lobe of the flat-topped radiation pattern. The important feature of the method is that it minimizes the Gibbs phenomenon and is easy to calculate gratings with the small number of radiators.Для синтеза излучающих систем, формирующих секторные диаграммы направленности, существуют несколько наиболее удобных методов, среди которых: метод Фурье, метод парциальных диаграмм и метод изменяющихся проекций. Данные методы удобны для расчета, потому что позволяют получить секторные диаграммы направленности с заданными электрическими характеристиками. Этими характеристиками являются: уровень боковых лепестков, ширина главного лепестка диаграммы направленности и амплитуда переколебаний вершины главного лепестка секторной диаграммы направленности.   Решение задачи синтеза секторной диаграммы направленности осложняется наличием точек разрыва в заданной диаграмме направленности, которые препятствуют сходимости ряда Фурье. Точки разрыва, в свою очередь, приводят к возникновению экстремумов, которые связаны с эффектом Гиббса. Для их устранения применяют различные методы аппроксимации заданной диаграммы направленности (полиномами рядов Котельникова, Чебышева). Подобные аппроксимации накладывают ограничения на основные качественные показатели секторных диаграмм направленности, такие как: крутизну фронтов и переколебания вершины главного лепестка диаграммы направленности. Предложенный метод позволяет получить наименьший уровень боковых лепестков при незначительном переколебании плоской вершины главного лепестка секторной диаграммы направленности. Предложен вариант линейной аппроксимации заданной диаграммы направленности, который позволяет получать синтезированные диаграммы направленности с разного рода параметрами качества. Это достигается с помощью коэффициентов линейной аппроксимации, которые могут быть определены с помощью алгоритмов оптимизации. В зависимости от выбранной целевой функции для алгоритма оптимизации появляется возможность определения наилучших решений компромисса между параметром крутизны фронтов и амплитудой переколебаний вершины главного лепестка секторной диаграммы направленности. Важными особенностями данного метода является то, что он позволяет минимизировать эффект Гиббса и удобен для расчета решеток с малым числом излучателей

Trends in studying urban runoff: a retrospective analysis

The paper is a retrospective analysis of trends in quantitative empirical and theoretical studies of urban surface runoff from the mid-19th century to the early 90s of the 20th century, when the largest Soviet scientific school for such studies in the city of Kharkov was dissolved. As shown in the paper, the calculation methods for estimating peak discharges of urban surface runoff can be traced back to a pioneering work by T.J. Mulvaney (1850), which laid the foundation for the “rational method”. Later this method was developed in the works by E.Kuichling (1889) and D.E.Lloyd-Davies (1906

The predictive value of various indicators of sperm for male fertility

Introduction. DNA fragmentation of sperm is one of the possible causes of reduced fertility potential of men. However, a significant correlation between conventional semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation was not found. This fact determines the relevance of the study of the influence of various parameters of sperm on male fertility.Materials and methods. The study included 60 men, aged 26–36 years (median – 30 years) with idiopathic infertility and the level of DNA fragmentation of sperm is higher than 15 %. These men were treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, after 3 months in vitro fertilization performed partners of these men. DNA fragmentation of sperm cells was determined by TUNEL (upper limit of normal – 15 %). The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of the ejaculate were determined by chemiluminescence (upper limit of normal – 0.64 mV/s).Results. The frequency of pregnancy in vitro fertilization was following: 62.8 and 64.7 % (p > 0.05) for the total number sperm of spermatozoa < 38 × 106 /ejaculate and ≥ 39 × 106 /ejaculate, respectively; 63.3 and 63.6 % (p > 0.05) for mobility (a + b) of spermatozoa < 40 and ≥ 40 %, respectively; 58.3 and 64.6 % (p > 0.05) for normal forms of spermatozoa < 4 and ≥ 4 %, respectively; 67.3 and 20.0 % (p < 0.05) for the level of DNA fragmentation of sperm ≤ 15 and > 15 %, respectively; 64.9 and 33.3 % (p < 0.05) for the level of ROS in semen ≤ 0.64 and > 0.64 mV/s, respectively.Conclusion. The probability of pregnancy after in vitro fertilization significantly depends on the levels of sperm DNA fragmentation in the sperm and level of ROS in semen

ГИПЕРБАРИЧЕСКАЯ ОКСИГЕНАЦИЯ В ЛЕЧЕНИИ ПОЗДНИХ ПОСТЛУЧЕВЫХ ЦИСТИТОВ

Radiotherapy (RT) alone or in combination with other treatment modalities is widely used in the treatment of urological and gynecological cancers. Despite the fact that there is continuous technical improvement of equipment and RT procedures, the frequency of complications due to this treatment option remains high in the early and late periods and generally requires complex and long-term care. One of the leading pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the development of these complications is vascular endothelial damage and hence decreased blood and oxygen supply to the tissues of pelvic organs. Postradiation cystitis is one of the commonest complications of RT. Among various treatment modalities for postradiation hemorrhagic cystitis, hyperbaric oxygenation yielded good results particularly in cases of ineffective standard treatments.Лучевая терапия (ЛТ) как самостоятельно, так и в комбинации с другими видами терапии широко применяется при лечении онкоурологических и онкогинекологических заболеваний. Несмотря на постоянное техническое совершенствование оборудования и методов проведения ЛТ, частота осложнений такого вида лечения в ранние и отдаленные сроки остается высокой и, как правило, требуется сложное и длительное лечение. Одним из ведущих патогенетических механизмов развития данных осложнений является повреждение эндотелия сосудов и, как следствие, снижение кровоснабжения и оксигенации тканей органов таза. Одним из наиболее частых осложнений радиотерапии является постлучевой цистит. Среди различных методов лечения постлучевого геморрагического цистита гипербарическая оксигенация показала хорошие результаты, особенно в тех случаях, когда стандартные методы лечения оказывались неэффективными

Госпитальная инфекция в онкоурологии

Hospital-acquired (nosocomial, intrahospital) infections are a principal cause of severe complications and death in cancer diseases in the postoperative period. A current infection-controlling system that notifies all cases of nosocomial infections in the patients of the hospital, including those with urinary tract cancer, has been in existence in Moscow City Cancer Hospital Sixty-Two since 2001. The paper presents the data of the authors' own follow-ups (in 2005—2006), which reflect the incidence of postoperative nosocomial urinary tract infections (PNUTI) in urological cancer patients depending on the site of a tumor, the scope of surgical intervention, the etiological agents of PNUTI, and their susceptibility to antibiotics. By using the results of the study, the authors have developed and proposed algorithms of efficient antibiotic therapy for PNUTI in patients with cancer of the kidney, urinary bladder, and prostate.

Subsurface disorder and electro-optical properties of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides produced by different techniques

It has been established, that proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides have a marked subsurface layer with structural disorder inducing degradation of electro-optical properties of these waveguides. At the same time, such a subsurface disorder is found to be less pronounced in soft proton-exchanged (SPE) waveguides in comparison with annealed proton-exchanged (APE) ones. The experimental samples of phase modulators fabricated by SPE technique exhibit a better electro-optical efficiency compared to the LiNbO3 modulators produced by the standard and improved APE techniques