About photometric determination of cyanides using chloroamine and pyridine-barbituric reagent

The physical-chemical investigation on studying the influence of different concentrations of the barbituric acid. used in the photometric procedures on determining the cyanides, on the development and. stability of the potassium cyanide solution dyeing has been performed. The well-known methods on determining the cyanides in the air of the working zones, in the atmospheric air and in the drinking water were used as the material for studying. In these methods the photometric determination of the cyanides is based on the Kennig reaction. This reaction is also used to guantitative determining the rhodanides. The procedure analysis has shown that the researchers used the 6 % and. 3 % solutions of barbituric acid to perform the reaction for the quantitative measurement of the cyanides in different media. It was experimentally revealed that using the 3% solution of barbituric acid for the reaction, painting the potassium cyanide solution may reach the maximal value 5 minutes after the experiment start and. it was found to be stable for 40 minutes. Using the 6 % solution of barbituric acid, the potassium cyanide solution color was more found to be unstable. As a result of the experiments which were performed according to the methodical instructions on measuring the concentrations of the harmful substances in the air of the working zone, the concentration was chosen which would provide the optimal conditions for developing the color and. stability of the painted complex formed. The trueness of the results obtained was confirmed by the calculations of the average quadratic declination (S) and. the molar coefficient of the light absorption. (E). The spectroscopic character of potassium cyanide solution, painted was assessed. It was found that the optical density of the cyanide solution painted is recommended to measure at one of three wave lengths - 584, 586 and 588 nm in its photometric determination with the use of chloroamine, pyridine and barbituric acid. The other composition of the pyridine - barbituric reagent in which the 1 % barbituric acid solution is used was offered. This modification in the composition of the pyridine - barbituric reagent may provide the condition in which the colour of the final reaction product may be stable for 2 hours, which may exert the positive influence on both the quantitative measurements of cyanide in the sample and. in the reagent economy

Value formation of innovative product : a way to commercialization

Purpose: The issues of studying the value formation process of an innovative product, from the idea to the prototype to the commercialization of the output from the production line, depending on the type of innovations, are the aims of this article. Design/Methodology/Approach: The conceptual framework of "value" and "innovations" is explored and the theoretical basis of the value approach is revealed at the beginning of the article. The definition of an innovative product is given and the development process and the mechanism of its value formation at each development phase are revealed. Findings: The value-added elements are specified, from the idea generation to the commercialization of the innovative product. The expenses for the calculation items and the development phases of the innovative product are estimated. Practical Implications: Categories of the innovation-based economy development, as "innovation", "innovative product", and "value" are not sufficiently studied. Intensive discussions are taking place in the scientific community regarding what an innovative product is and how its value is formed. A specific result of intellectual activity, at the initial stage of its formation represents an idea that is difficult to be estimated. Originality/Value: The problematics for further research of value formation of innovative products depending on their specific nature is put.The article was prepared in the course of carrying out research work within the framework of the project part of the state task in the field of scientific activity in accordance with the task No. 26.2758.2017 / PCh (26.2758.2017 / 4.6) for 2017-2019 on the topic "System for the formation and distribution analysis of the value of innovative products based on the infrastructure concept".peer-reviewe

DEGREE ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION AND PATHOLOGY OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT IN TEENAGERS OF URBANIZED TERRITORIES OF IRKUTSK REGION

This study aimed to reveal air pollution and its influence on pathology of upper respiratory tract in teenagers of Angarsk and Sayansk. The quantitative content of chemical substances in the atmospheric air of the celitebic territory of Angarsk and Sayansk was studied based on the data of the hydro-meteorological center, the content of chemical substances in indoor air was assessed based on studying of the educational institutions. Two territories with a different pollution level were chosen to investigate in Angarsk. The higher summary risk of forming the respiratory organ pathology stipulated by the indoor air pollution and the atmospheric air with the tropic substances to the systems indicated was revealed to be in the schoolchildren in Angarsk. The studies performed in the educational school rooms have shown that on the whole the largest pollution degree was induced by the suspended substances. In the educational school rooms studied in Angarsk the increase in the hygienic normative on suspended substances was found to be in the educational classes in 43 % of samples, in the computer classes and in the sporting halls - in 44 % of samples. Sometimes the increase in the limited allowed concentration (LAC) was more than 2 times. The increase in the LAC of formaldehyde was observed to be in 13 % of samples in the educational classes. In the incidence structure according to applying for medical assistance the respiratory organ diseases were found to occupy the first place, at the same time the pathology of the upper respiratory ways prevailed in both towns. The chronic glandular and adenoid diseases as well as the allergic rhinitis were more often revealed. In comparison of the regions in Angarsk which are different in the pollution levels, it was found that the chronic pathology of the upper respiratory ways occurred 1,4 times more often in first region than in second one and 2,8 times more often than in Sayansk

Cyclodextrin Induces Calcium-Dependent Lysosomal Exocytosis

Cyclodextrins (CDs) have long been used to manipulate cellular cholesterol levels both in vitro and in vivo, but their direct effects at a cellular level are not well characterized. Recently, CDs have garnered much interest because of their ability to clear stored cholesterol from Niemann Pick Type C (NPC) cells and markedly prolong the life of NPC1 disease mice. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that treatment with 2-hydroxypropyl- β-cyclodextrin (HPB-CD) stimulates lysosomal exocytosis in a calcium-enhanced manner. We propose that this exocytosis is the mechanism by which HPB-CD ameliorates the endolysosomal cholesterol storage phenotype in NPC cells. These findings have significant implications for the use of HPB-CD in biochemical assays and data interpretation as well as for their use for the treatment for NPC and other disorders

Mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibition and nitric oxide are involved in muscle weakness that occurs in acute exposure of rats to monocrotophos

Organophosphate poisoning in the context of self-harm is a common medical emergency in Asia. Prolonged muscle weakness is an important but poorly understood cause of morbidity and mortality of the poisoning. This study examined mitochondrial function and its modulation by nitric oxide in muscle weakness of rats exposed to an acute, oral (0.8LD50) dose of monocrotophos. Muscle mitochondrial ATP synthase activity was inhibited in the rat in acute exposure to monocrotophos while respiration per se was not affected. This was accompanied by decreased mitochondrial uptake of calcium and increased levels of nitric oxide. Reactive cysteine groups of ATP synthase subunits were reduced in number, which may contribute to decreased enzyme activity. The decrease in ATP synthase activity and reactive cysteine groups of ATP synthase subunits was prevented by treatment of animals with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NG Nitroarginine methyl ester, at 12 mg/kg body weight for 9 days in drinking water, prior to monocrotophos exposure. This indicated a role for nitric oxide in the process. The alterations in mitochondrial calcium uptake may influence cytosolic calcium levels and contribute to muscle weakness of acute organophosphate exposure

Physical and Functional Interaction of NCX1 and EAAC1 Transporters Leading to Glutamate-Enhanced ATP Production in Brain Mitochondria

Glutamate is emerging as a major factor stimulating energy production in CNS. Brain mitochondria can utilize this neurotransmitter as respiratory substrate and specific transporters are required to mediate the glutamate entry into the mitochondrial matrix. Glutamate transporters of the Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAATs) family have been previously well characterized on the cell surface of neuronal and glial cells, representing the primary players for glutamate uptake in mammalian brain. Here, by using western blot, confocal microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy, we report for the first time that the Excitatory Amino Acid Carrier 1 (EAAC1), an EAATs member, is expressed in neuronal and glial mitochondria where it participates in glutamate-stimulated ATP production, evaluated by a luciferase-luciferin system. Mitochondrial metabolic response is counteracted when different EAATs pharmacological blockers or selective EAAC1 antisense oligonucleotides were used. Since EAATs are Na+-dependent proteins, this raised the possibility that other transporters regulating ion gradients across mitochondrial membrane were required for glutamate response. We describe colocalization, mutual activity dependency, physical interaction between EAAC1 and the sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1) both in neuronal and glial mitochondria, and that NCX1 is an essential modulator of this glutamate transporter. Only NCX1 activity is crucial for such glutamate-stimulated ATP synthesis, as demonstrated by pharmacological blockade and selective knock-down with antisense oligonucleotides. The EAAC1/NCX1-dependent mitochondrial response to glutamate may be a general and alternative mechanism whereby this neurotransmitter sustains ATP production, since we have documented such metabolic response also in mitochondria isolated from heart. The data reported here disclose a new physiological role for mitochondrial NCX1 as the key player in glutamate-induced energy production

Crosstalk between Mitochondrial and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Cycling Modulates Cardiac Pacemaker Cell Automaticity

Mitochondria dynamically buffer cytosolic Ca(2+) in cardiac ventricular cells and this affects the Ca(2+) load of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In sinoatrial-node cells (SANC) the SR generates periodic local, subsarcolemmal Ca(2+) releases (LCRs) that depend upon the SR load and are involved in SANC automaticity: LCRs activate an inward Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange current to accelerate the diastolic depolarization, prompting the ensemble of surface membrane ion channels to generate the next action potential (AP).To determine if mitochondrial Ca(2+) (Ca(2+) (m)), cytosolic Ca(2+) (Ca(2+) (c))-SR-Ca(2+) crosstalk occurs in single rabbit SANC, and how this may relate to SANC normal automaticity.Inhibition of mitochondrial Ca(2+) influx into (Ru360) or Ca(2+) efflux from (CGP-37157) decreased [Ca(2+)](m) to 80 ± 8% control or increased [Ca(2+)](m) to 119 ± 7% control, respectively. Concurrent with inhibition of mitochondrial Ca(2+) influx or efflux, the SR Ca(2+) load, and LCR size, duration, amplitude and period (imaged via confocal linescan) significantly increased or decreased, respectively. Changes in total ensemble LCR Ca(2+) signal were highly correlated with the change in the SR Ca(2+) load (r(2) = 0.97). Changes in the spontaneous AP cycle length (Ru360, 111 ± 1% control; CGP-37157, 89 ± 2% control) in response to changes in [Ca(2+)](m) were predicted by concurrent changes in LCR period (r(2) = 0.84).A change in SANC Ca(2+) (m) flux translates into a change in the AP firing rate by effecting changes in Ca(2+) (c) and SR Ca(2+) loading, which affects the characteristics of spontaneous SR Ca(2+) release