Optical Absorptivity versus Molecular Composition of Model Organic Aerosol Matter

Aerosol particles affect the Earth’s energy balance by absorbing and scattering radiation according to their chemical composition, size, and shape. It is generally believed that their optical properties could be deduced from the molecular composition of the complex organic matter contained in these particles, a goal pursued by many groups via high-resolution mass spectrometry, although: (1) absorptivity is associated with structural chromophores rather than with molecular formulas, (2) compositional space is a small projection of structural space, and (3) mixtures of polar polyfunctional species usually exhibit supramolecular interactions. Here we report a suite of experiments showing that the photolysis of aqueous pyruvic acid (a proxy for aerosol α-dicarbonyls absorbing at λ > 300 nm) generates mixtures of identifiable aliphatic polyfunctional oligomers that develop absorptions in the visible upon standing in the dark. These absorptions and their induced fluorescence emissions can be repeatedly bleached and retrieved without carbon loss or ostensible changes in the electrospray mass spectra of the corresponding mixtures and display unambiguous signatures of supramolecular effects. The nonlinear additivity of the properties of the components of these mixtures supports the notion that full structural speciation is insufficient and possibly unnecessary for understanding the optical properties of aerosol particles and their responses to changing ambient conditions

Thermochromism of Model Organic Aerosol Matter

Laboratory experiments show that the optical absorptivity of model organic matter is not an intrinsic property, but a strong function of relative humidity, temperature, and insolation. Suites of representative polyfunctional C_(x)H_(y)O_(z) oligomers in water develop intense visible absorptions upon addition of inert electrolytes. The resulting mixtures reach mass absorption cross sections σ(532 nm) ~ 0.1 m^(2)/gC in a few hours, absorb up to 9 times more solar radiation than the starting material, can be half-bleached by noon sunlight in ~ 1 h, and can be repeatedly recycled without carbon loss. Visible absorptions red-shift and evolve increasingly faster in subsequent thermal aging cycles. Thermochromism and its strong direct dependences on ionic strength and temperature are ascribed to the dehydration of >CH−C(OH)C═C< unsaturations by a polar E1 mechanism, and bleaching to photoinduced retrohydration. These transformations are deemed to underlie the daily cycles of aerosol absorption observed in the field, and may introduce a key feedback in the earth’s radiative balance

Expression of X chromosome fragility in Holstein-Friesian cattle: a preliminary study

International audienc

La visualizacion y el aprendizaje colaborativo en la enseñanza de fracciones

La presente investigación se realizó en una escuela primaria pública del sur de México y tuvo como objetivo valorar las estrategias de recuperación de los conocimientos previos, la visualización y el trabajo colaborativo en la construcción del concepto fracciones. El enfoque metodológico fue el cualitativo en el que participaron 18 alumnos de grupo del sexto grado y su maestra. Se encontró que las estrategias de recuperación de los conocimientos previos, la visualización y el trabajo colaborativo favorecieron a que los alumnos construyeran el concepto de fracciones desde una perspectiva amplia. Esto es, los alumnos identificaron a los números racionales en situaciones tales como: relación parte-todo de un entero, cociente, medida, y proporción

Anaerobic digestion of whole-crop winter wheat silage for renewable energy production

With biogas production expanding across Europe in response to renewable energy incentives, a wider variety of crops need to be considered as feedstock. Maize, the most commonly used crop at present, is not ideal in cooler, wetter regions, where higher energy yields per hectare might be achieved with other cereals. Winter wheat is a possible candidate because, under these conditions, it has a good biomass yield, can be ensiled, and can be used as a whole crop material. The results showed that, when harvested at the medium milk stage, the specific methane yield was 0.32 m3 CH4 kg–1 volatile solids added, equal to 73% of the measured calorific value. Using crop yield values for the north of England, a net energy yield of 146–155 GJ ha–1 year–1 could be achieved after taking into account both direct and indirect energy consumption in cultivation, processing through anaerobic digestion, and spreading digestate back to the land. The process showed some limitations, however: the relatively low density of the substrate made it difficult to mix the digester, and there was a buildup of soluble chemical oxygen demand, which represented a loss in methane potential and may also have led to biofoaming. The high nitrogen content of the wheat initially caused problems, but these could be overcome by acclimatization. A combination of these factors is likely to limit the loading that can be applied to the digester when using winter wheat as a substrat

Genetic characterization of uruguayan creole cattle. II. Study of its genetic variability

Animal genetic diversity is considered essential to sustain the productivity of agriculture. FAO estimates that 30 percent of livestock breeds are at risk of extinction and more than half of these breeds are found in developing countries. Previous genetic research upon American Creole Cattle (Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba) valuate these breeds, being considered of interest to maintain and enhance livestock production. In Uruguay, limited by different geographic barriers, about 600 bovines inhabit in hard environment in areas that cannot sustain conventional farming. Aspect of Uruguayan Creole cattle is similar to that observed in certain American and Iberian breeds. Analysis of breed genetic variability involved the utilization of PCR/RFLP technology in 82 DNA samples for milk proteins (casein and lactoglobulin), amplification of 20 samples for CYP21 microsatellite and the use of protein markers such as haemoglobin in 77 animals. Inbreeding index and expected Heterocigosity considering four loci were F= 0.02 and He= 0.487. Genotypic frequency distribution was in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genetic variation estimated, reinforced by the low inbreeding index, strengthen the need of preservation of Uruguayan Creole Cattle as a domestic animal genetic resource.Se tomaron muestras de ADN por la metodología PCR/RFLP para las proteínas de la leche caseína y lactoglobulina, 20 muestras para el microsatélite CYP21 (esteroide 21-hidroxilasa) y 77 animales para hemoglobina mediante electroforesis en gel de almidón. Los índices de endogamia y de heterocigosidad correspondieron a F= 0,02 y He= 0,487. Las frecuencias genotípicas se distribuyeron de acuerdo a los valores esperados para el equilibrio H.W. El bajo índice de endogamia obtenido en los 4 loci analizados, la relación entre el número de genotipos homocigotos y heterocigotos, el alto polimorfismo que presentó el microsatélite CYP21, así como la variabilidad observada en la coloración del pelaje, permiten sugerir que, a pesar de ser ésta una reserva aislada geográficamente, ha expresado una variabilidad genética tan importante que justifica su conservación como un recurso genético de animal doméstico. La diversidad genética animal es considerada indispensable para sostener la productividad de la agricultura. La FAO estima que el 30 p.100 de las razas de ganado, corren riesgo de extinción, encontrándose más de la mitad de ellas en países en desarrollo. Antecedentes de estudios genéticos realizados en bovinos Criollos americanos (Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba) permiten hoy, revalorizar esta raza para ser utilizada en la explotación agropecuaria. En el Uruguay, existe una reserva de alrededor de 600 animales que habita en una zona húmeda, de sierras y montes, no alterada, limitada por diferentes barreras geográficas. El aspecto morfológico de estos animales se asemeja al de ciertas poblaciones de bovinos Criollos argentinos, venezolanos, colombianos y, a ciertas razas ibéricas. Con el objetivo de estudiar la estructura genética de esta población, se analizaron 8

Comparative study between biobased fatty acid extract obtained from corn steep liquor and "Tsubaki" extract

[Excerpt] "Tsubaki" is a Japanese camellia oil extract, which is rich in palmitic and linoleic (Omega-6) fatty acids, as well as contain numerous anti-aging polyphenol antioxidants. On the other hand, a bio-based surfactant composed by 64.2% of lipids and 21.9% of proteins can be extracted from corn steep liquor (CSL) following the methodology proposed by Vecino et al. (2015). The aim of this work was to compare some biochemical properties of "Tsubaki" fatty acid extract, included in high-end cosmetic formulations of different brans, and the biobased surfactant obtained from CSL, in terms of surface active capacity reduction as well as in terms of antioxidant activity and fatty acid composition. [...]The financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FEDER funds under the project CTM2015-68904) and L. Rodríguez-López is grateful for her predoctoral fellowship supported by the University of Vigo (Spain)