Assessment of the Biological Resource Potential of Species of Symphytum L. in the Flora of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic

The paper investigates ecological and biological features, chemical composition and nutritional value of the aboveground phytomass of Symphytum asperum Lepech. and Symphytum caucasicum M. Bieb. within the primary range through the example of phytocenoses of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The range of S. asperum covers the foothill and middle mountain zones up to a height of 2400 m a.s.l., and S. caucasicum covers the flat and foothill zones up to 750 m a.s.l. The limiting factors for the species of Symphytum L. are moisture, nitrogen availability and acidity of the soil. In the studied ecotopes, the realized ecological niche of S. asperum and S. caucasicum is within the limits of the fundamental one. The relationship has been established between the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the aboveground phytomass of comfrey plants and the content of humus, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in the soil of the species habitat. The accumulation of vitamin C in the aboveground phytomass depends on the height above sea level, the average temperature and the amount of precipitation during the growing season. The nutritional and energy value of phytomass, high yield and good regrow capacity of plants indicate the possibility of using S. asperum and S. caucasicum in fodder production. Since comfrey plants grow sparsely and in places difficult for farm animals to access, it is advisable to create plantations of S. asperum and S. caucasicum in the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria for multiple purposes (fodder, melliferous and medicinal)

MICROMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE EPIDERMIS AND HYSTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUE OF IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES IN THE LEAVES OF BORAGINACEAE HERBAСEOUS PLANTS

Aim. In conventional medicine, the species of the Boraginaceae family are not used due to the poor scientific knowledge of the products of secondary metabolism and the lack of information about most of the species. We investigated micromorphological features of the epidermis and conducted histochemical analysis of the products of secondary metabolism in the leaves of Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen ex Hornem., Echium vulgare L., Symphytum asperum Lepech. and S. caucasicum M. Bieb. Methods. Micromorphological analysis included the study of the shape of the main cells of the epidermis, the structure of trichomes and stomata. The number of stomata and trichomes was calculated per 1 mm2. Were used the histochemical reactions in order to identify the products of secondary metabolism. Results. The studied species are characterized by the bifacial type of leaves, numerous trichomes, including long leaf fuzz with a rosette of epidermal cells. The anomocytic type of stomata is characteristic for P. mollis and E. vulgare, anomocytic and anisocytic for S. asperum and S. caucasicum. The leaves of P. mollis, E. vulgare and S. caucasicum are amphistomatic while S. asperum is hypostomatic. The ratio of the non- glandular and glandular trichomes of the intercostal zones of the lower epidermis to the upper in P. mollis was 1.08 and 1.83, respectively, in S. caucasicum 1.61 and 2.67, in S. asperum 7.21 and 2.50, in E. vulgare 1.65 (glandular trichomes in the interstitial zones are absent). In the leaves of the studied species, the products of secondary metabolism (tannins, alkaloids, essential oils, anthracene derivatives and mucus) are localized in bases of non-glandular, glandular trichomes, veins and the main cells of the epidermis. Conclusions. Genus signs of the epidermis of leaves of Boraginaceae are the structure and location of trichomes. Species differences are due to the location of stomata, glandular trichomes and shape of the main epidermal cells. The intensity of staining of secondary metabolites depends on their content in the leaves. The presence of biologically active substances in the leaves of P. mollis, S. caucasicum, S. asperum and E. vulgare determines the value of these species in the creation of new phytopreparations

Efficiency of biological content of soils on the vineyards of the Kabardino-Balkaria

In the conditions of intensive grape production in a monoculture mode, there is a violation of the small biological cycle of nutrients and a decrease in the productivity of ampelocenoses. The solution to this problem is the introduction of a biological system of soil maintenance through sideration, sprigging the vineyards, the use of biofertilizers and an agrobiological stimulator in the form of effective microorganisms. The aim of the work is to study the humic-sod system of soil content compared with the control (dead fallow). The studies were conducted in 2015-2018 on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (transition zone from foothill to steppe).The object of the study is planting grapes of Bianca variety. The soil content in the rows between the vineyards of the experimental plots, the morphometric parameters (shoot length, cluster weight) and the quality of the grapes (the mass fraction of sugars and titratable acids) have been studied in the control (dead fallow), with an alternate strip and overall sprigging of the rows between the legume-cereal mixture (red clover – 40,0 %, redtail fescue grass – 26,7 %; purple – stem catmint – 33,3 %), followed by mowing the grass and creating a mulch cover. In the fall of 2018 cut and root residues were buried into the soil. The humic-sod system helps to restore the process of soil fertility reproduction, improve its water and physical parameters, prevent water erosion, create a favorable microclimate, increase the yield of grapes and quality of grape juice.The feasibility of overall (at an annual precipitation of more than 600 mm) and alternate strip (at an annual precipitation of 520-540 mm) sprigging of rows with legumecereal mixture of perennial grasses has been proved

Accumulation of alkaloids in plants of the family Boraginaceae depending on environmental conditions places of growth

Due to the lack of information on the influence of environmental factors on the accumulation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their content in certain species of this family Boraginaceae, the aim of the study was to assess the level of alkaloids accumulation in the aboveground and under-ground parts of Symphytum asperum Lepech., S. caucasicum M. Bieb., Echium vulgare L., and Pulmonaria mollis Wulfen ex Hornem. depending on climatic, orographic and edaphic conditions. The localization of alka-loids in rhizomes with roots, glandular trichomes of leaves and stems, epidermal cells was revealed. The content of alkaloids in the aboveground phytomass decreases in the series S. asperum ˃ S. caucasicum ˃ Е. vulgare, and in the underground S. caucasicum ˃ S. asperum ˃ Е. vulgare ˃ P. mollis. At the end of the growing season, an increase in the accumulation of alkaloids in the underground phytomass and a decrease in the aboveground one were noted. An increase in air temperature and a decrease in precipitation contribute to an increase in the accumulation of alkaloids in roots and shoots. The level of correlation between the accumulation of alkaloids and the content of trace elements varies from high (Cu, Zn, Mo) to medium (Mn, Pb). The results obtained indicate the need to take into account environmental factors in the implementation of medicinal collections and the preparation of feed from plants

MORPHOLOGY OF EXCRETORY TISSUE OF LEAVES AND SECONDARY METABOLITES OF SOME SPECIES FROM INULA GENUS

Aim. This work is devoted to studying the morphology of the excretory tissue of leaves and secondary metabolites of some species from Inula genus (Inula britannica L., Inula aspera Poir., Inula germanica L.) grown in plant communities of the foothill and steppe zones of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic. Methods. As object of a research served the leaves of an average tier of plants collected in a phase of the complete blossomingin August, 2015-2016. Applied the standard histochemical test reactions to identification of secondary metabolites. Results. Morphological structure of non-glandular trichomes are typical of the Asteraceae family. Hairs are located on large veins and interveinal region abaxial, rarely adaxial surface of the leaf. The total number of non-glandular trichomes decreases among I. britannica L. – I. aspera Poir. – I. germanica L. Glandular trichomes are located on the abaxial surface of the leaf and have morphological species characteristics. The number of glandular trichomes per 1 mm2 of the leaf surface varies from 1 (I. germanica L.) to 16 (I. aspera Poir.). In the leaves of I. germanica L. are formed endogenous secretory structures: schizogenous intercellular spacese, idioblast, latex vessel. The secondary metabolites of I. britannica L. are essential oils, I. germanica L. – essential oils, resins, calcium oxalate, rubber, I. aspera Poir. – essential oils, resins, polysaccharides. Conclusion. Morphological features of secretory tissue and chemical composition of secondary metabolites in the leaves of the genus Inula L. due to the influence of abiotic conditions and associated with the ecological strategy of the species. Differences in the morphology of glandular structures can be used for micro-diagnostics species of the genus Inula L

Formation of wheat bread quality indicators when adding pulmonaria mollis extract (Pulmonaria mollis)

Wild plants with proven therapeutic and prophylactic properties play an important role in the production of functional and enriched bakery products. The article presents the results of studies on the effect of Pulmonaria mollis extract (Pulmonaria mollis Hornem.) on the quality of wheat bread. P. mollis plant contains (in terms of absolutely dry matter) 1.86% of flavonoids, 10.95 % of polysaccharides, 256.34 μg / g of iron, 33.47 μg / g of manganese, 15.07 μg / g of copper and 42.92 μg / g of zinc. During the experimental baking, Pulmonaria mollis extract was added to the dough in the concentration of 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; 10.0 and 12.5 %.The dough was prepared in a single-phase (straight) way. The introduction of P. mollis extract into the dough formulation led to the acceleration of acid accumulation, a decrease in the dough fermentation duration and proofing of dough pieces. The 10% concentration of P. mollis extract was selected as an optimal variant of wheat bread formulation. In this case a 11.02 % increase in bread porosity and 0.32 cm3 / g increase in specific volume were noted, as well as an improvement in the state of the surface and structure of porosity. Wheat bread with P. mollis extract has functional properties and is recommended for the prevention of iron deficiency conditions