Land Used Mapping using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) along Parit Rasipan Drainage System

Excess nutrients accelerate the growth of plants and algae in water sources, leading to environmental issues like flow retardation (flood), a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the water, and a decline in the quality of the water. Therefore, the goal of this study is to identify the quality Parit Rasipan drainage system's eutrophic level in terms of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity; and to analyse an NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) image taken by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and using Agisoft photoscan software. As a result, four sampling locations—residential (S1), industrial (S2), agricultural (S3), and farming (S4)—have been chosen for water quality sampling and analysis along the Parit Rasipan drainage system. The HACH method was used to analyse water samples that have been obtained according to the Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater Examinations. It was found that agricultural zone was poor water quality compared residential, industrial and farming zones with measurements of 3.82 mg/L, 3.09, 25.57 °C, and 14.6 NTU, respectively, the agricultural zone has the highest values for the four metrics of dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and turbidity. This scenario could be due to the usage of the fertilizer to cultivate the oil palm contributed to Parit rasipan drainage system (S3) which resulted in a substantial amount of eutrophication. Hence, the use of UAVs and the agisoft photoscan programme has considerably improved the mapping of the water quality metrics and eutrophic level

Removal of nutrients and organic pollutants from household greywater by phycoremediation for safe disposal

The present study aimed to investigate the potential for application of phycoremediation system using Botryococcus sp. for the treatment of bathroom greywater at village houses. The greywater samples were obtained from four houses. The treatment system was conducted at ambient temperature for 21 days. Botryococcus sp. (Ac-cession No. JQ585723.1) was inoculated into the greywater in a dry mass (0.3 mg L-1). The results revealed high effectiveness of the treatment system. The maximum reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD5) from four types of greywater ranged from 85.3 to 98%, while was between 71.22 and 85.47% for chemical oxygen demand (COD) after 21 days. The reduction of nitrate (NO3-) appeared rapidly within 18 days of the treatment period with 98% of the reduction efficiency. Reduction of ammonia (NH3) and orthophosphate (PO43-) was recorded after 21 days with the efficiency ranged from 86.21 to 99 and 39.12 to 99.3%, respectively. The high removal per-centage of potassium (K) (97%) recorded within 3 days, while calcium (Ca) reduction (95%) was noted at the end of the treatment period indicating the high applicability of phycoremediation system to be used in the village houses. Moreover, the system is easily implementable, very low cost where no energy is required, eco-friendly and has no toxic by-products

CFD Simulation Analysis of Non-Premixed Combustion using a Novel AxialRadial Combined Swirler for Emission Reduction Enhancement

Combustion industries for many decades dealing with the issues in reducing the emissions without affecting the performance of combustion. The present study aims to investigate the performance of swirler mechanism which combining between both axial and radial types to reduce emissions and increase the mixing process via the nonpremixed method. Each of axial and radial swirler consisted with 8 blades vane. Swirl angle for radial swirler is 35° and inclination angle for axial swirler is 15°. The swirler is designed using Solidworks software package and CFD analysis was then performed using ANSYS Fluent software package. The fuel used is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) gas which contained 30% propane and 70% butane. The turbulence model standard kepsilon was used in this study. The result found that the combined swirler was capable to reduce CO emission as the complete reaction into CO2 component was higher. This is due to the broader region of temperature and higher velocity magnitude produced by the combined swirler. However, the maximum temperature result for axial swirler was higher than the combined swirler. As a recommendation, the inclination blade angle in the axial swirler of the combined swirler should be increased to increase the temperature value

Natural coagulates for wastewater treatment; a review for application and mechanism

The increase of water demand and wastewater generation is among the global concerns in the world. The less effective management of water sources leads to serious consequences, the direct disposal of untreated wastewater is associated with the environmental pollution, elimination of aquatic life and the spread of deadly epidemics. The flocculation process is one of the most important stages in water and wastewater treatment plants, wherein this phase the plankton, colloidal particles, and pollutants are precipitated and removed. Two major types of coagulants are used in the flocculation process included the chemical and natural coagulants. Many studies have been performed to optimize the flocculation process while most of these studies have confirmed the hazardous effects of chemical coagulants utilization on the ecosystem. This chapter reviews a summary of the coagulation/flocculation processes using natural coagulants as well as reviews one of the most effective natural methods of water and wastewater treatment

An overview of the utilisation of microalgae biomass derived from nutrient recycling of wet market wastewater and slaughterhouse wastewater

Microalgae have high nutritional values for aquatic organisms compared to fish meal, because microalgae cells are rich in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. However, the high cost for the commercial production of microalgae biomass using fresh water or artificial media limits its use as fish feed. Few studies have investigated the potential of wet market wastewater and slaughterhouse wastewater for the production of microalgae biomass. Hence, this study aims to highlight the potential of these types of wastewater as an alternative superior medium for microalgae biomass as they contain high levels of nutrients required for microalgae growth. This paper focuses on the benefits of microalgae biomass produced during the phycore-mediation of wet market wastewater and slaughterhouse wastewater as fish feed. The extraction techniques for lipids and proteins as well as the studies conducted on the use of microalgae biomass as fish feed were reviewed. The results showed that microalgae biomass can be used as fish feed due to feed utilisation efficiency, physiological activity, increased resistance for several diseases, improved stress response, and improved protein retention

TRYPANOCIDAL POTENTIAL OF CARRISA EDULIS IN RATS

ABSTRACT Trypanocidal activity of Carrisa edulis agains

Harvesting of botryococcus sp. biomass from greywater by natural coagulants

Harvesting of Botryococcus sp. from greywater by Moringa oleifera and Strychnos potatorum seed flours was optimized by response surface methodology. Three factors including dosage (10–60 mg L−1), settling time (30– 120 min), and pH (6–9) were investigated. Optimal operating parameters were obtained with dosage of 35 mg L−1, pH of 7.5, and settling time of 75 min, which demonstrated predicted and experimental recovery of 86.80 and 85.60% for M. oleifera, and 41.33 and 38.30% for S. potatorum, with R2 coefficient of 0.947 and 0.953, respectively. The interaction between the factors was significant (p < 0.05) at the optimal operating parameters. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observed that the surface appearance of M. oleifera seed flour was smoother compared to S. potatorum, which reflects the higher potential of M. oleifera seed flour to adhere to microalgae cells. Natural coagulants have the potential as an alternative technique for harvesting microalgae from greywater

Efficiency of moringa oleifera seeds for treatment of laundry wastewater

Laundry wastewater has simple characteristics in which the detergents compounds are the main constitutes. But these compounds have adverse effects on the aquatic organisms in the natural water bodies which received these wastes without treatment. Few studies were conducted on these wastes because it represent a small part of the total wastewater generated from different human activities. Moreover, the coagulation process for laundry wastewater might be effective to remove of detergents compounds. Therefore, in the present study, the efficiency of coagulation process by using chemical (ferrous sulphate) and natural coagulants (Moringa oleifera seeds) were investigated. The raw laundry wastewater samples were collected from laundromat located at Taman Universiti, Parit Raja. The characteristics of these wastes were determined and then the wastewater was subjected for the treatment process consisted of three units including aeration, coagulation and sedimentation process. The chemical and natural coagulants were used with four dosage (30, 60, 90 and 120 mg L-1) and the coagulation process was carried out at room temperature (25±2ºC) for one hour. The results revealed that the laundry wastewater have high concentrations of turbidity (57.8-68.1 NTU) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (423-450 mg L-1) with pH value between 7.96 and 8.37. M. oleifera seeds exhibited high efficiency for removal of turbidity (83.63%) with 120 mg L-1 of dosage, while 30 mg L-1 of FeSO4 was the best for removal of COD (54.18%). However, both parameters still more than Standard B for wastewater disposal suggesting the need to increase the period of coagulation process with M. oleifera seeds or to subject of the treated effluents for a secondary coagulation process with natural coagulant products to improve the characteristics of laundry wastewater without a secondary products as that generated with the chemical coagulants

Efficiency of Moringa oleifera seeds for treatment of laundry wastewater

Laundry wastewater has simple characteristics in which the detergents compounds are the main constitutes. But these compounds have adverse effects on the aquatic organisms in the natural water bodies which received these wastes without treatment. Few studies were conducted on these wastes because it represent a small part of the total wastewater generated from different human activities. Moreover, the coagulation process for laundry wastewater might be effective to remove of detergents compounds. Therefore, in the present study, the efficiency of coagulation process by using chemical (ferrous sulphate) and natural coagulants (Moringa oleifera seeds) were investigated. The raw laundry wastewater samples were collected from laundromat located at Taman Universiti, Parit Raja. The characteristics of these wastes were determined and then the wastewater was subjected for the treatment process consisted of three units including aeration, coagulation and sedimentation process. The chemical and natural coagulants were used with four dosage (30, 60, 90 and 120 mg L-1) and the coagulation process was carried out at room temperature (25±2ºC) for one hour. The results revealed that the laundry wastewater have high concentrations of turbidity (57.8-68.1 NTU) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (423-450 mg L-1) with pH value between 7.96 and 8.37. M. oleifera seeds exhibited high efficiency for removal of turbidity (83.63%) with 120 mg L-1 of dosage, while 30 mg L-1 of FeSO4 was the best for removal of COD (54.18%). However, both parameters still more than Standard B for wastewater disposal suggesting the need to increase the period of coagulation process with M. oleifera seeds or to subject of the treated effluents for a secondary coagulation process with natural coagulant products to improve the characteristics of laundry wastewater without a secondary products as that generated with the chemical coagulants